Centre for European Reform

On this week’s Centre for European Reform podcast, research fellow Aslak Berg sits down with Professor of Economics at the University of Cambridge, Meredith Crowley, to discuss President Trump's latest tariff announcements. They set out the impact on transatlantic relations, what a US-China decoupling would look like in practice, and the broader implications for the world trading system. Produced by Octavia Hughes

Transcribed - Published: 16 April 2025

After the recent visit of the EU's College of Commissioners to New Delhi, CER's Anunita Chandrasekar speaks to Tara Varma, who is currently a visiting fellow at Brookings Institution's Centre for the US and Europe, and Amaia Sánchez-Cacicedo, senior fellow covering Asia and India at Institut Montaigne, to consider the trajectory of EU-India relations. Produced by Octavia Hughes

Transcribed - Published: 2 April 2025

Following the Trump administration's controversial comments and actions on Ukraine, tariffs and much else, CER director Charles Grant sits down with the director of Foreign and Defense Policy at the American Enterprise Institute, Kori Schake, to discuss what America’s hostility to the rules-based international order means for transatlantic relations. Produced by Octavia Hughes

Transcribed - Published: 10 March 2025

Three years after Russia’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine, the CER's deputy director Ian Bond talks to head of the GLOBSEC Kyiv Office Iuliia Osmolovska about the mood in the country, Ukrainian reactions to US-Russian negotiations, and the role of the EU and European countries in Ukraine. Produced by Octavia Hughes

Transcribed - Published: 20 February 2025

On this week’s Centre for European Reform podcast, senior research fellow Zselyke Csaky sits down with chief economist Sander Tordoir to discuss President Trump's tariffs and the second China shock. Sander explains which countries and industries Trump is targeting and sets out a series of recommendations to protect Germany’s automotive and engineering sectors from Beijing’s industrial policies. Sander Tordoir and Brad Setser’s recommendations to the German government can be read in full here: https://www.cer.eu/publications/archive/policy-brief/2025/how-german-industry-can-survive-second-china-shock Produced by Octavia Hughes

Transcribed - Published: 5 February 2025

On this week’s Centre for European Reform podcast, senior research fellow Luigi Scazzieri sits down with deputy director Ian Bond and Constanze Stelzenmueller, director at the Center on the US and Europe and Fritz Stern chair at The Brookings Institution, to discuss Donald Trump's inauguration. They highlight key takeaways from his speech, European guests in attendance and how this term will differ from his first.  Produced by Octavia Hughes

Transcribed - Published: 24 January 2025

In our latest Centre for European Reform podcast, podcast host Octavia Hughes speaks to six of our researchers. They reflect on the EU's past year from different perspectives, including trade and competitiveness; support for Ukraine; UK-EU relations; and the conflict in the Middle East. They then look ahead to 2025. 00:28 Zach Meyers on tech and competitiveness 04:49 Ian Bond on Ukraine 10:52 Luigi Scazzieri on defence spending and the Middle East 17:51 Charles Grant on UK-EU relations 22:15 Aslak Berg on trade 25:37 Zselyke Csaky on the rule of law Produced by Octavia Hughes

Transcribed - Published: 18 December 2024

On this week’s Centre for European Reform podcast, director Charles Grant sits down with Labour MP for Walthamstow and chair of the Labour Movement for Europe Stella Creasy, to discuss Labour's plan for forging closer ties with the EU. Stella explains the role of the Labour Movement for Europe, while Charles examines how weakened governments in France and Germany, and the re-election of Donald Trump, could affect the UK’s relations with Europe. Produced by Octavia Hughes

Transcribed - Published: 25 November 2024

On this week’s Centre for European Reform podcast, senior research fellow Luigi Scazzieri sits down with deputy director Ian Bond and Sophia Besch, senior fellow at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, to discuss the impact of Donald Trump's second presidency on European security. They discuss Trump's stance on Ukraine and China before delving into the relationship between Trump's team and the Labour Party and the impact of the collapse of the German government. Produced by Octavia Hughes

Transcribed - Published: 12 November 2024

On this week’s Centre for European Reform podcast, host Octavia Hughes sits down with deputy director Ian Bond and senior research fellow Zselyke Csaky to discuss the recent elections in Georgia and Moldova. They break down their significance and evaluate what the results mean for the battle of influence between Brussels and the Kremlin. Produced by Octavia Hughes

Transcribed - Published: 31 October 2024

On this week’s Centre for European Reform podcast, Clara Marina O'Donnell Fellow Anunita Chandrasekar sits down with senior research fellow Luigi Scazzieri to discuss Europe's role in the Middle East. They examine the chances of escalation, explore the implications of a wider regional conflict for Europe and assess whether the EU's position might change as the stakes continue to grow. Produced by Octavia Hughes

Transcribed - Published: 14 October 2024

On this week’s Centre for European Reform podcast, host Octavia Hughes sits down with CER research fellow Aslak Berg, assistant director Zach Meyers and senior trade writer at the Financial Times Alan Beattie to discuss the transatlantic economic relationship. They break down what Kamala Harris and Donald Trump have said on trade, how realistic their proposals are and what’s at stake for Europe. Produced by Octavia Hughes

Transcribed - Published: 3 October 2024

On September 10, former Italian prime minister Mario Draghi published his hotly-anticipated report, assessing Europe's productivity challenges. Senior research fellows Elisabetta Cornago and Luigi Scazzieri, assistant director Zach Meyers and chief economist Sander Tordoir sat down with podcast host Octavia Hughes to discuss the key takeaways from the report, as well as its shortcomings. They assess Draghi's proposals to boost innovation, relaunch industrial competitiveness, upgrade trade policy, accelerate decarbonisation and strengthen defence. Produced by Octavia Hughes

Transcribed - Published: 13 September 2024

In our latest Centre for European Reform podcast, senior research fellow Luigi Scazzieri and senior fellow at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace Sophia Besch join podcast host Octavia Hughes to discuss NATO and European security. They explain the outcomes of NATO's 75th anniversary summit, and what Donald Trump’s return would mean for the alliance and for European security more broadly. Produced by Octavia Hughes

Transcribed - Published: 2 August 2024

In our latest Centre for European podcast, director Charles Grant is joined by the Economist's Paris Bureau Chief Sophie Pedder. She is the author of 'Revolution Française: Emmanuel Macron and the Quest to Reinvent a Nation'. Charles and Sophie discuss the fallout from the parliamentary elections in France. They outline possible outcomes and their likelihoods, debate whether the result weakens President Macron's position in Europe and look forward to the next French Presidential elections, in 2027. Produced by Octavia Hughes

Transcribed - Published: 12 July 2024

In this week's Centre for European Reform podcast Charles Grant, director of the CER, and Neil Kinnock, leader of the Labour party 1983 - 1992, European commissioner 1995 - 2004 and member of the house of Lords since 2005, join podcast host, Octavia Hughes, to discuss what Labour's landslide victory will mean for UK-EU relations. They debate whether the success of Reform UK will dampen Keir Starmer's ambitions for Europe, make suggestions to improve security and trade ties and explain the importance of the current geopolitical context. Produced by Octavia Hughes

Transcribed - Published: 10 July 2024

In our latest Centre for European podcast, host Octavia Hughes is joined by the research fellow Aslak Berg, deputy director Ian Bond and senior research fellow Luigi Scazzieri to find out what a Labour victory in the UK general election would mean for EU-UK relations. They discuss Labour's flexibility on its red lines and changes to trade, security, defence and foreign policy. Produced by Octavia Hughes

Transcribed - Published: 26 June 2024

In our latest Centre for European podcast, host Octavia Hughes is joined by the 2023-24 Clara Marina O'Donnell fellow Christina Keßler and senior research fellows Zselyke Csaky and Luigi Scazzieri to discuss the results of the European Parliament elections. They dissect the implications of the results on green policies, defence, the rule of law and enlargement, and react to France's President Emmanuel Macron's snap election announcement. Produced by Octavia Hughes

Transcribed - Published: 12 June 2024

This is an audio recording from the Centre for European Reform and the Delegation of the EU to the UK's discussion on 'Expanding Horizons: 20 years of EU membership – paving the path for future EU enlargement' with Amelia Hadfield, Head of Department of Politics & Founding Director at the University of Surrey, Simona Leskovar, Ambassador of Slovenia to the UK, and Anand Menon, Director of UK in a Changing Europe. Pedro Serrano, EU Ambassador to the UK, gave some opening remarks and Ian Bond, Deputy Director at the Centre for European Reform, chaired the panel. Produced by Octavia Hughes

Transcribed - Published: 30 May 2024

In our latest Centre for European podcast, host Octavia Hughes is joined by the 2023-24 Clara Marina O'Donnell fellow Christina Keßler and senior research fellows Zselyke Csaky and Luigi Scazzieri to discuss the upcoming European Parliament elections. They explain how the president of the European Commission is selected, unpack concerns surrounding voter turnout and examine the implications of a more right-wing Parliament on the EU's legislative agenda. Produced by Octavia Hughes

Transcribed - Published: 29 May 2024

In our latest Centre for European Reform podcast our director Charles Grant and Dr Yu Jie, senior research fellow on China at Chatham House's Asia Pacific programme, join podcast host Octavia Hughes to discuss China's shifting foreign policy. They analyse the success of Beijing's European charm offensive, the strength of Vladimir Putin and Xi Jinping's friendship and China's objective to create a multipolar world order. Music by Edward Hipkins Produced by Octavia Hughes

Transcribed - Published: 15 May 2024

On April 18, former Italian prime minister Enrico Letta published his hotly-anticipated report, assessing the state of Europe's single market. Research fellow Aslak Berg and assistant director Zach Meyers sat down with podcast host Octavia Hughes to discuss the key takeaways from the report, as well as its shortcomings. They assess the reaction from European leaders and the Commission, and share their thoughts on what we can expect to see in Mario Draghi's report on competitiveness, due to be published in June. Their insight can be read here: https://www.cer.eu/insights/enrico-lettas-report-more-market-less-agenda Music by Edward Hipkins Produced by Octavia Hughes

Transcribed - Published: 24 April 2024

The EU has for years been a proponent of better regulation: steps to make sure regulation is evidence-based, proportionate, and made in a transparent way. However, there has been a perception that the quality of regulation in the bloc has declined recently. To discuss the EU's performance on better regulation and what the next Commission might improve on, assistant director Zach Meyers was joined by Anthony Teasdale, visiting professor at the London School of Economics and past Director-General of the European Parliamentary Research Service. They debate the efficacy of von der Leyen's 'one-in, one-out' system and explain what the five year term for president of the Commission means for policy making, among other things. Zach's paper on better regulation can be read here: https://www.cer.eu/publications/archive/policy-brief/2024/better-regulation-europe-action-plan Music by Edward Hipkins Produced by Octavia Hughes

Transcribed - Published: 11 April 2024

Globalisation may not have gone into reverse, but it is surely changing – and not in Germany’s favour. Encouraged by the US, von der Leyen wants to push ahead with the ‘economic security strategy’, which would seek to limit the export of advanced technologies to China. But Germany worries that the Commission is trying to grab new powers and that it could provoke retaliation or even a trade war with China. In this week's podcast, host Octavia Hughes is joined by Sander Tordoir, senior economist at the CER, and Shahin Vallée, senior research fellow at the German Council on Foreign Relations, to discuss all this and more. Sander and Shahin explain why Germany has such a special relationship with China and the steps the EU can take to mitigate the risks China poses to the German economic model. Music by Edward Hipkins Produced by Octavia Hughes

Transcribed - Published: 27 March 2024

As we enter the third year of full-scale war in Ukraine and the possibility of Trump's re-election becomes more likely, Charles Grant, director, and Luigi Scazzieri, senior research fellow, consider how the EU's role in defence is changing. They discuss where the money for a larger defence budget would come from and whether the Commission could play a role in defence planning. Charles concludes the podcast with a quiz on the many acronyms that appeared in the Commission's latest press releases on defence. Music by Edward Hipkins Produced by Octavia Hughes

Transcribed - Published: 13 March 2024

In our latest Centre for European Reform podcast Dame Melinda Simmons, Ambassador of the United Kingdom to Ukraine 2019-2023, and Hanna Shelest, Director of Security Programmes at the Foreign Policy Council Ukrainian Prism, join the CER's Deputy Director, Ian Bond, on the two-year anniversary of Russia's full-scale invasion of Ukraine. They examine the media's portrayal of the conflict and shed light on the mood in Ukraine before suggesting how Ukraine might navigate its defence production challenges and what Europe can do to help. Music by Edward Hipkins Produced by Octavia Hughes

Transcribed - Published: 29 February 2024

In our latest Centre for European Reform podcast, Camille Grand, Distinguished Policy Fellow at the European Council on Foreign Relations and Luigi Scazzieri, Senior Research Fellow at the CER, speak to podcast host Octavia Hughes about the challenges of European defence production. They examine the challenges Europeans have faced in ramping up defence production after Russia's invasion, and examine the roles of NATO, the EU and smaller groups of counties. Music by Edward Hipkins Produced by Octavia Hughes

Transcribed - Published: 31 January 2024

In our latest Centre for European Reform podcast, Deputy Director Ian Bond speaks to Philippe Le Corre, Senior Fellow at the Asia Society's Centre for China Analysis, Helena Legarda, Lead Analyst at the Mercator Institute for China Studies, and Christina Keßler, Clara Marina O'Donnell Fellow 2023-24. They provide some background on Taiwan's recent elections before examining reactions to the result from China, the US and Europe. They then debate what Europe's role should be in the Taiwan Strait. Music by Edward Hipkins Produced by Octavia Hughes

Transcribed - Published: 18 January 2024

In our latest Centre for European Reform podcast, podcast host Octavia Hughes speaks to eight of our researchers. They reflect on the EU's past year from different perspectives, including climate action; support for Ukraine; UK-EU relations; and the possibility of enlargement and reform. They then look ahead to 2024. 00:41 Elisabetta Cornago on energy and climate policy 11:57 Charles Grant on UK-EU relations 20:07 Luigi Scazzieri on defence and security policy 27:03 Zach Meyer and Sander Tordoir on AI and industrial policy 39:53 Ian Bond on Ukraine 47:00 Christina Keßler on German security policy 50:27 Camino Mortera-Martinez on enlargement, rule of law and reform Music by Edward Hipkins Produced by Octavia Hughes

Transcribed - Published: 20 December 2023

In this week's Centre for European Reform podcast Charles Grant, director at the CER, and Camino Mortera-Martinez, head of the CER's Brussels office, join senior research fellow Luigi Scazzieri to discuss the prospects for EU enlargement and institutional reform. Produced by Octavia Hughes Music by Edward Hipkins

Transcribed - Published: 6 December 2023

In this week's Centre for European Reform podcast Sander Tordoir, senior economist at the CER, and Caroline de Gruyter, author and columnist for the leading Dutch newspaper NRC Handelsblad, join podcast host, Octavia Hughes, to discuss the outcome of the Dutch general election and what the surge of Geert Wilders’ far-right means for the EU. Caroline explains how the adoption of more extreme policies by centre-right parties across Europe has strengthened far-right parties like the Netherlands' Party for Freedom. Sander sets out scenarios for the coalition negotiations and the odds of Wilders becoming Dutch prime minister. Produced by Octavia Hughes Music by Edward Hipkins

Transcribed - Published: 28 November 2023

In this week's Centre for European Reform podcast Zach Meyers, Assistant Director of the CER, is joined by Kai Zenner, Head of Office and digital policy advisor to MEP Axel Voss, to discuss AI’s implications for Europe. They discuss how Europe can make the most out of AI while managing its risks. The pair also discuss the progress of the EU’s Artificial Intelligence Act, and the possibility of it becoming a global standard. Produced by Octavia Hughes Music by Edward Hipkins

Transcribed - Published: 24 November 2023

One month on from Hamas’s attack on Israel killing 1400, Israeli forces have killed more than 10000 Palestinians in Gaza. The head of our Brussels office, Camino Mortera-Martinez asks Nathalie Tocci, director of the Institute of International Affairs in Rome, and senior research fellow Luigi Scazzieri what Europe's role is in this latest iteration of a decades long conflict, and where it should be.

Transcribed - Published: 7 November 2023

In this week's Centre for European Reform podcast Camino Mortera-Martinez, head of the CER Brussels office, and Luigi Scazzieri, senior research fellow, join podcast host, Octavia Hughes, to discuss EU enlargement, the EPC and migration policy. They set out the successes and failures of the EPC summit in Granada and the subsequent informal meeting of EU leaders. Camino explains why migration is back at the top of the EU's agenda and Luigi sheds some light on the catch-22 of Ukraine's EU membership. Produced by Octavia Hughes Music by Edward Hipkins

Transcribed - Published: 16 October 2023

In this week's Centre for European Reform podcast Charles Grant, Director of the CER, and Neil Kinnock, leader of the Labour party 1983 - 1992, European commissioner 1995 - 2004 and member of the house of Lords since 2005, join podcast host, Octavia Hughes, to discuss a European strategy for Labour. They set out the steps the party should take to foster a better relationship and consider how European governments view the British. They consider whether a much closer economic relationship could be viable and conclude by asking when – if ever – the UK could rejoin the EU. Produced by Octavia Hughes Music by Edward Hipkins

Transcribed - Published: 27 September 2023

In this week's Centre for European Reform podcast Ian Bond, Director of Foreign Policy, and Hennadiy Maksak, Executive Director of the Ukrainian Prism think-tank, look at Ukraine's path to EU membership after a year and a half of war with Russia. The EU has given Ukraine candidate country status and by the end of the year, it should take a decision on opening membership negotiations. Hennadiy sheds some light on the mood in Ukraine and the pair discuss the progress Ukraine has made in meeting the EU's seven criteria, President Zelensky's decision to treat corruption in wartime as high treason, and the likelihood of elections in wartime conditions. Produced by Octavia Hughes Music by Edward Hipkins

Transcribed - Published: 13 September 2023

In this week’s Centre for European Reform podcast Camino Mortera-Martinez, head of the Brussels office and Sander Tordoir, senior economist, join our host Octavia Hughes to discuss the implications of the Spanish and Dutch elections for the EU. They explore the causes of the political impasse in Spain and the consequences of government collapse in the Netherlands. The Spanish and the Dutch have become important power brokers in the EU as a result of weakening Franco-German relations. Now, with the pair of countries as a diminished force, will the EU come to a standstill? Produced by Octavia Hughes Music by Edward Hipkins

Transcribed - Published: 9 August 2023

In this week’s Centre for European Reform podcast Camino Mortera-Martinez, head of the Brussels office, joins Charles Grant, director of the CER, and Heather Grabbe, senior advisor at the Open Society Foundation, to discuss the prospect of EU enlargement. They talk about the likely timeline of the accession process, the countries with prospects of joining and which of these will struggle to meet the EU's criteria. Camino and Charles then debate whether the Lisbon Treaty will be used for this next round of accession or if treaty change might be required.

Transcribed - Published: 26 July 2023

In this week's Centre for European Reform podcast Ian Bond, Director of Foreign Policy, and Luigi Scazzieri, Senior Research Fellow, sit down with podcast host, Octavia Hughes, to discuss the NATO summit in Vilnius, Lithuania. They look at Ukraine's request for NATO membership and the Alliance's response, assess whether NATO members will increase defence spending and what a Republican in the White House would mean for the war. Ian also sheds light on the state of Sino-American tensions and how these might influence the nature of discussion at Vilnius. Produced by Octavia Hughes Music by Edward Hipkins

Transcribed - Published: 11 July 2023

In this week's Centre for European Reform podcast Brad Setser, senior fellow at the Council of Foreign Relations, and the CER’s Sander Tordoir and John Springford discuss green tech industrial policy and ‘de-risking’ trade with China. They discuss the growing consensus between Europe and the US on China, as well as the ‘risks of de-risking’ – how challenging China might slide into protectionism and weaken competition. John and Sander’s paper on the effects of Chinese and American green tech subsidies on Europe can be read here: https://www.cer.eu/publications/archive/policy-brief/2023/europe-american-chinese-green-tech Produced by Octavia Hughes Music by Edward Hipkins

Transcribed - Published: 29 June 2023

In this week’s episode of the Centre for European Reform podcast, host Octavia Hughes speaks to the head of our Brussels office, Camino Mortera-Martínez. They discuss the results of the Spanish local and regional elections and Prime Minister Pedro Sánchez's decision to call a snap election. Camino explains what is at stake for Spain and Sánchez, including the rotating presidency of the council of ministers of the EU, which Madrid is due to hold between July and December. Produced by Octavia Hughes 
Music by Edward Hipkins

Transcribed - Published: 8 June 2023

In this week’s episode of the Centre for European Reform podcast, we answer questions you have sent to us. Host Octavia Hughes speaks to our director Charles Grant, director of foreign policy Ian Bond, and senior fellow Luigi Scazzieri. We discuss the likelihood of a Kılıçdaroğlu victory in Turkey's presidential run-off, arguments for and against French-style industrial policy in the EU, and alternatives to NATO membership for Ukraine. Produced by Octavia Hughes Music by Edward Hipkins

Transcribed - Published: 24 May 2023

In this week's Centre for European Reform podcast, Senem Aydin Düzgit, Professor of International Relations at the Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences of Sabancı University and Senior Scholar and Research and Academic Affairs Coordinator at the Istanbul Policy Center, and Luigi Scazzieri, senior research fellow at the CER, join host Octavia Hughes to discuss the potential outcomes of Turkey's elections which will take place on May 14th. Senem explains why the presidential election is more significant for Turkey's future than the parliamentary one, and Luigi offers some insight as to how the country's foreign policy would change if the opposition were to win.

Transcribed - Published: 10 May 2023

In this week's Centre for European Reform podcast, Ian Bond, director of foreign policy, joins host and head of the CER’s Brussels office, Camino Mortera-Martinez, to discuss the EU's elusive China policy. They talk about the lack of consensus among EU member-states on an effective China policy and explain why Brussel's stance on China is different from Washington's. Can Beijing be an honest broker between Moscow and Kyiv? And how will Europe’s China policy evolve over the next year? Produced by Octavia Hughes 
Music by Edward Hipkins

Transcribed - Published: 26 April 2023

In this week's Centre for European Reform podcast, Sander Tordoir, senior economist at the CER, joins host Octavia Hughes to discuss the EU's fiscal rules ahead of the release of his policy brief on the same subject next week. Sander explains why EU countries must have public finances that are largely aligned and the difficulties the European Commission has faced in enforcing the rules. He offers some suggestions for improving the rules and gives some insight into the proposals set out by the German government in a non-paper last week. Produced by Octavia Hughes Music by Edward Hipkins

Transcribed - Published: 12 April 2023

In this week's Centre for European Reform podcast, Helmi Pillai, our (2022-23) Clara Marina O'Donnell fellow, joins our director of foreign policy, Ian Bond, to discuss hybrid threats ahead of the release of her paper on the same topic. They consider the often-disputed definitions of 'hybrid threats' and 'critical infrastructure' and the evolving story of the destruction of the Nord Stream pipelines. Helmi concludes that a whole-of-society approach is crucial for the EU if member-states are to increase their resilience to Russian hybrid threats. Produced by Octavia Hughes Music by Edward Hipkins

Transcribed - Published: 24 March 2023

In this week's episode of the Centre for European Reform podcast, our director Charles Grant is joined by Catherine Barnard, Professor of EU Law and Employment Law at the University of Cambridge and Deputy Director of UK in a Changing Europe, to discuss the recently agreed Windsor Framework. Together, they delve into how the new framework modifies the previous UK-EU trade deal and its implications, examine the role of the European Court of Justice in the agreement, and explore the domestic reactions to the new agreement. Produced by Helmi Pillai and Octavia Hughes Music by Edward Hipkins

Transcribed - Published: 10 March 2023

In this week's Centre for European Reform podcast, Dr Olesya Khromeychuk, historian, writer, and director of the Ukrainian Institute London and Sir Richard Shirreff, former NATO Deputy Supreme Allied Commander for Europe, join our director of foreign policy, Ian Bond, to discuss the Ukraine-Russia war. They consider how to avoid 'Ukraine fatigue' in the West, what can be learnt from Ukraine's military successes and whether Western leaders' visits to Kyiv have a practical value, or risk becoming war tourism. Olesya, Richard and Ian agreed that Britain could be providing military support more effectively and that there should be no impunity for Russian war criminals. Produced by Helmi Pillai and Octavia Hughes Music by Edward Hipkins

Transcribed - Published: 24 February 2023

In this week’s episode of the Centre for European Reform podcast, we answer questions you have sent to us. Clara Marina O’Donnell fellow Helmi Pillai speaks to the head of our Brussels office Camino Mortera-Martinez and senior fellows Zach Meyers and Luigi Scazzieri. They discuss the EU’s response to the Inflation Reduction Act, Brexit’s impact on UK science and technology, Qatargate, EU migration policy, Iran's nuclear programme and the prospect of sending fighter jets to Ukraine. Produced by Helmi Pillai and Octavia Hughes Music by Edward Hipkins

Transcribed - Published: 9 February 2023

In this week's episode of the Centre for European Reform podcast, the CER's deputy director John Springford and professor at King's College London Jonathan Portes discuss their report 'Early impacts of the post-Brexit immigration system on the UK labour market'. The report estimates that Brexit has led to a net shortfall of 330,000 workers in the UK, concentrated in low-skilled sectors such as transportation and hospitality. They delve into the methods used to reach this figure and debate the potential benefits and drawbacks of sector-specific immigration rules to try to reduce labour shortages. Produced by Helmi Pillai Music by Edward Hipkins

Transcribed - Published: 25 January 2023