From the Center for European Reform, this is the CIA podcast.

Poson us seriously the question of the

future that we want, and we all

all together, the courage to it construct.

For us in Germany, is the

Bekenness to the European Europe,

a part of our state's resolve.

A strong united Europe is a necessity for the world,

because an integrated Europe remains vital to our

international order. This is the moment for Europe world because an integrated Europe remains vital to our international order.

This is the moment for Europe to lead the way towards a new vitality.

Hello and welcome to the CER podcast. I'm Octavia Hughes, host of today's episode, and I'm joined

by Camille Grande Distinguished Policy Fellow at the European

Council on Foreign Relations, and by my colleague Luigi Scatsieri, Senior Research Fellow here at the

CER. Thanks both for joining me. Thank you. Today we're going to be discussing European defence,

and specifically the challenge of defence production. There's a perception that the fighting in Ukraine

is at a stalemate, but in reality, both Ukraine and Russia are expending huge amounts of military

equipment, which makes production capacity a key factor in the conflict. There are reports

that Russia's production has been surging, while Europeans seem to be having difficulties

increasing production and supplying Ukraine with what it needs. So in this episode, while Europeans seem to be having difficulties increasing production and supplying

Ukraine with what it needs. So in this episode, we're going to be exploring why that's the case.

We'll also look at the state of European defence more broadly, examining the respective roles of

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