Iron Culture presented by MASS

In this episode of Iron Culture, Eric Helms is joined by world champions Heitor Sousa and Adão Martins to discuss their journeys in natural bodybuilding. They reflect on their experiences at the WNBF Worlds, the importance of community and support, and the lessons learned from both victories and setbacks. The conversation highlights their friendship, resilience, and the significance of never giving up in the pursuit of excellence in bodybuilding. They reflect on their successful competition year, the art of bodybuilding, strategies for competing annually, the importance of health and longevity, and the supportive community within the sport. The discussion emphasizes the balance between on-season and off-season training, the significance of mental health, and the shared passion for bodybuilding that unites athletes across the globe. If you're in the market for some lifting gear or apparel, be sure to check out EliteFTS.com (and use our code "MRR10" for a 10% discount) Chapters 0:00 Introduction to Iron Culture and Competitors 02:52 The Journey of Heitor and Adao in Bodybuilding 05:58 First Competitive Experiences and Challenges 08:53 The Importance of Community and Support in Bodybuilding 12:06 Reflections on Early Competitions and Learning Experiences 15:04 The Growth and Evolution of Heitor and Adao 17:56 The Role of Feedback and Improvement in Competitions 21:00 The Significance of Perseverance in Bodybuilding 23:46 Looking Ahead: Future Goals and Aspirations 33:45 Celebrating Wins Together 36:42 Experiences from Major Competitions 39:42 Learning and Growth in Bodybuilding 42:07 The Journey to World Championships 46:12 Reflecting on 2024's Achievements 49:32 Competing Frequently and Its Impact 51:59 The Art of Bodybuilding and Continuous Improvement 57:04 Balancing Competition and Health 1:06:10 Body Composition and Individual Differences 1:08:04 Training and Nutrition Strategies for Competitors 1:10:56 The Importance of Off-Season Planning 1:13:57 Mental Approach to Training and Competition 1:17:59 Community and Relationships in Bodybuilding 1:26:57 Future Plans and Final Thoughts

Transcribed - Published: 10 December 2025

In this episode of Iron Culture, Eric Trexler interviews Dr. John Rusin, a personal trainer and strength coach with a doctorate in physical therapy. They discuss Dr. Rusin's journey from working with professional athletes to focusing on general population training, emphasizing the importance of injury prevention and pain management. Dr. Rusin shares insights from his new book, 'Pain-Free Performance,' which outlines foundational movement patterns and the significance of individualization in training. The conversation highlights the need for a well-rounded approach to fitness that prioritizes health and longevity alongside performance. If you're in the market for some lifting gear or apparel, be sure to check out EliteFTS.com (as use our code "MRR10" for a 10% discount) If you want to check out Dr. Rusin's new book, app, or coaching services, check out these links: https://www.amazon.com/Pain-Free-Performance-Better-Smarter-Unbreakable/dp/162860509X/ref=zg_bs_g_4645_d_sccl_95/134-5360092-2910026?psc=1   becomeunbreakable.com   https://www.drjohnrusincoaching.com   If you want to stay up-to-date with Dr. Rusin, you can check out his website and social media profiles:   https://drjohnrusin.com   https://www.instagram.com/drjohnrusin https://www.facebook.com/drjohnrusin https://www.youtube.com/@Dr.JohnRusin   Chapters 00:00 Introduction to Dr. John Rusin 02:44 Journey from Athlete to Coach 05:52 High Performance Athletics and Injury Prevention 08:46 Transitioning from Physical Therapy to Performance Coaching 11:38 The Shift to General Population and Longevity 14:43 Understanding Pain and Movement 17:34 Foundational Movement Patterns in Training 31:44 Rebuilding the Foundation: Movement Patterns and Training 40:31 The Six Physical Characteristics of Health and Longevity 52:49 Individualization and Optimization in Movement 01:00:41 Empowering Pain-Free Performance

Transcribed - Published: 3 December 2025

In this episode of Iron Culture, Eric Helms interviews Oscar Moscat, a pro natural bodybuilder who shares his journey in the sport. Oscar discusses the importance of personal motivation, family values, and the balance between competition and self-improvement. He emphasizes the significance of finding what works for each individual in training and the camaraderie within the bodybuilding community. The conversation also touches on Oscar's training philosophy, his aspirations for the future, and his desire to inspire the next generation of athletes. As always, please be sure to support our friends at elitefts.com! If you're in the market for some new gym gear or apparel, you can use our code (MRR10) for a 10% discount Chapters 00:00 Introduction to Iron Culture and Guest Introduction 02:52 Oscar Moscat's Journey in Bodybuilding 05:48 The Competitive Spirit and Personal Growth 08:53 Balancing Family and Bodybuilding 11:45 The Mindset of a Natural Bodybuilder 14:43 Martial Arts Influence on Competitive Mindset 17:40 The Pursuit of Personal Excellence 20:45 Artistry and Competition in Bodybuilding 34:30 The Art of Bodybuilding: Beyond Competition 37:05 Genetics vs. Hard Work: A Bodybuilder's Perspective 40:35 The Mindset of a Champion: Balancing Talent and Effort 43:29 Passion and Drive: The Heart of Bodybuilding 48:52 Individuality in Training: Finding What Works for You 58:28 The Science of Bodybuilding: Applying Knowledge to Practice

Transcribed - Published: 26 November 2025

In this episode, Eric Trexler and Eric Helms begin by discussing Helms' competition updates and the sad state of affairs in academic publishing (that is, scientific journals). Eric and Eric then take a deep dive into the complexities of central fatigue, systemic fatigue, the accumulation of fatigue, and deloading strategies. The conversation emphasizes the importance of personalized approaches to recovery and the role of intensity in achieving hypertrophy. They close by discussing misconceptions surrounding fatigue management in bodybuilding, the necessity of understanding the mechanisms behind muscle growth, and how current trends in "evidence-based content" are leading new lifters astray. If you're in the market for new lifting gear or apparel, be sure to check out elitefts.com and use our code (MRR10) to get a 10% discount. Chapters 0:00 Introduction and Helms Bodybuilding Updates 5:17 A New Threat to the Integrity of PhDs 8:25 Academic publishing (i.e., scientific journals) is so over 26:52 Understanding Systemic and Central Fatigue 41:31 Holistic Approaches to Deloading and Fatigue Management 1:00:42 Tiger Balm and Icy Hot 1:08:04 Cardio (To Build Work Capacity for Bodybuilding) 1:15:41 Current trends in "evidence-based content" are leading new lifters astray

Transcribed - Published: 19 November 2025

In this conversation, Eric Helms reflects on his recent competition experience, discussing the nostalgia of returning to a familiar stage and the significance of competing at a pro level. He emphasizes the importance of mindset during contest prep and the challenges of transitioning from a dieting phase to maintenance. The discussion also covers the psychological aspects of maintaining weight loss and the need for a lifestyle that supports health and fitness. Eric shares insights on setting realistic goals and the importance of community in the bodybuilding journey. In this conversation, Trexler and Helms delve into the complexities of dieting, weight maintenance, and the psychological challenges that accompany lifestyle changes. They discuss the importance of acceptance and compromise in post-diet life, the struggle of reintegrating comfort foods, and the need for empathetic approaches to dieting. The dialogue also touches on social eating dynamics and practical tips for navigating dietary choices in group settings, emphasizing the importance of self-awareness and honest conversations about food and lifestyle. If you're in the market for some gym gear or apparel, please support our friends over at elitefts.com and use code "MRR10" for 10% off your order Chapters: 00:00 The California Muscle Mayhem Experience 8:20 Personal Reflections 15:40 Discussion on Food Choices and Post-Competition Plans 24:38 Post-Diet Mentality and Maintenance Challenges 44:13 Finding Balance in Dietary Lifestyle Changes 58:39 Making Goal-Directed Food Choices 1:08:57 Striking a Balance With Step Counts 1:10:50 Energy Expenditure Scaling By Body Weight/Size 1:13:32 When People Criticize Your Dietary Choices

Transcribed - Published: 13 November 2025

In this episode of Iron Culture, Eric Trexler and Dr. Eric Helms discuss Helms' upcoming bodybuilding competition, his preparation journey, and the importance of nutrition and recovery. They delve into various topics including auto-regulated dieting, GI issues, mini cuts, step counts, energy expenditure, and more. If you're looking for some gym gear or apparel, please be sure to support our friends over at elitefts.com (and use code "MRR10" for 10% off your order) Chapters 00:00 Introduction (Helms bodybuilding plans and updates) 12:38 new MASS issue (and importance of expectancy effects) 27:13 mini-cuts (pros and cons) 35:33 overcoming low appetite while bulking 39:53 Helms updated protein targets 44:26 Lead in protein supplements (and using EAAs as your main protein source) 52:33 Cardio approaches (substrate utilization and recovery considerations) 1:00:44 Dealing with insufficient sleep 1:07:26 Relationship between step count and energy expenditure

Transcribed - Published: 6 November 2025

In this episode of Iron Culture, Eric Trexler and Eric Helms discuss significant updates in fitness research, particularly focusing on the constrained energy expenditure model and the effects of NSAIDs on muscle hypertrophy. They also revisit a prior episode about PhDs (how they're obtained and what they mean) by discussing the international differences in PhD programs. If you're in the market for some gym gear or apparel, be sure to support our friends at elitefts.com and use code "MRR10" for a 10% discount. Chapters 00:00 Intro 5:11 Constrained Energy Expenditure Model (background) 18:54 Did new research "debunk" the constrained model? 35:05 New Insights on NSAIDs and Muscle Hypertrophy 46:03 Caution with NSAIDs: Risks and Benefits 50:10 Understanding International PhD Structures

Transcribed - Published: 29 October 2025

In tonight's episode of Iron Culture, Dr. Eric Helms returns with stories from his competition and associated travels. Topics include jet lag, dehydration, miscalculated use of laxatives and sleep aids, getting stitches in a Taiwan emergency room, autographed Eric Helms trading cards, Eric's 5th place finish at a pro show, autoregulated dieting, and much more. If you're in the market for some new gym gear or apparel, be sure to check out our friends at elitefts.com - use our code (MRR10) for a 10% discount. Time stamps 0:00 Intro 5:06 Bodybuilding "stars" in Taiwan (and autographed Eric Helms trading cards) 22:13 Navigating jetlag 29:48 Helms getting stitches in Taiwan 34:08 Inadvisable use of laxatives 41:47 Show placings 54:30 "Autoregulated dieting"

Transcribed - Published: 22 October 2025

In this episode of Iron Culture, Eric Trexler interviews Wil Fleming, a level five senior international coach with USA Weightlifting. They discuss Wil's journey into Olympic weightlifting, the importance of mental resilience, and the technical aspects of teaching Olympic lifts. Wil shares insights on managing arousal levels during competitions, the significance of routines, and many other factors that contribute to successful weightlifting at the highest level. Be sure to support our friends over at elitefts.com by using our discount code (MRR10) to save 10% on your next order of lifting gear or apparel. Head over here to check out Wil's new book: www.strongmindtraining.com Chapters 0:00 Introduction 2:42 The Journey into Olympic Weightlifting 7:28 Teaching the Olympic Lifts: Progressions and Prerequisites 32:10 Mental Aspects of Weightlifting: Building Resilience 48:22 The Importance of Pre-Performance Routines 54:30 Mentally Preparing for Setbacks in Competition 58:32 Managing Arousal Levels in Competition 1:05:42 Water cuts in weightlifting 1:09:42 Final Thoughts and Book Info

Transcribed - Published: 15 October 2025

A recent dust-up in the evidence-based fitness world has sparked a lot of discussion about credentials. How are they earned, what do they represent, and how do they impact the way we engage with someone's content, recommendations, or products? This episode of Iron Culture discusses all of that (and more). Be sure to support our friends over at elitefts.com by using our discount code (MRR10) to save 10% on your next order of lifting gear or apparel. Time stamps: 0:00 Intro 4:42 The big dust-up 10:01 What goes into a PhD? 17:40 Who decides whether or not a PhD is good enough? 28:43 Three important points 41:36 What does a PhD actually mean? 49:47 Evaluating someone's credentials in a given area 59:49 Practical tips for assessing claims/creators

Transcribed - Published: 9 October 2025

Helms has neglected to show up yet again, so Ep 347 is a solo show in which Dr Trex details a recent saga in which a paper about apple cider vinegar was retracted. The episode covers what the paper reported, how Trex & co pursued clarification, how the paper was eventually retracted, and (most importantly) what this means for "evidence-based" fitness. Even if you don't care about apple cider vinegar, there are important lessons to draw from an evidence-based view of fitness that acknowledges the fallibility of published evidence. By the way, if you're going to stock up on some lifting gear or apparel, please be sure to support our friends over at elitefts.com and remember to use our code "MRR10" for a 10% discount. Time stamps: 0:00 Intro 5:34 The original paper and findings 13:27 Our letter to the editor 17:54 The authors' response 23:59 The retraction 29:06 The statistical investigation 32:13 Why the retraction process doesn't actually work 38:30 How to be "evidence based" when unreliable evidence is routinely published

Transcribed - Published: 2 October 2025

In this episode of Iron Culture, Eric Trexler welcomes back Eric Helms, who clarifies recent misunderstandings about his commitment to the iron game. Helms shares insights from his recent travels, including a global education event with TechnoGym in Bali, and discusses the importance of cultural experiences in fitness education. The conversation also covers strategies for managing jet lag during international travel, the mechanics of hypertrophy, and the significance of community in fitness. As Helms prepares for upcoming competitions, he reflects on his journey in bodybuilding and the evolving landscape of the fitness industry. Need some lifting gear? Use our discount code (MRR10) over at www.elitefts.com Chapters 00:00 Welcome Back to Iron Culture 03:50 Clarifying Misunderstandings 09:51 Eric's Upcoming Competition 14:52 Travel Adventures and Experiences 23:42 Jet Lag and Nutrition Strategies 32:00 Engaging with the Fitness Community 39:39 The Rise of Science in Fitness 48:50 Hypertrophy and Leverage Data 01:20:46 Wrapping Up and Future Plans

Transcribed - Published: 25 September 2025

In this episode of Iron Culture, Eric Trexler is joined by Dr. Lauren Colenso-Semple to discuss various topics in fitness, particularly focusing on creatine supplementation, female-oriented creatine marketing, the rising popularity of creatine gummies, and several creatine myths. They discuss the importance of understanding the science behind creatine and debunk common misconceptions before moving on to discuss the role of exercise in bone health and fracture prevention. Need some lifting gear? Use our discount code (MRR10) over at www.elitefts.com Chapters 0:00 Introduction 3:45 Today's Show 5:38 Creatine for Women: Marketing vs. Science 9:09 Debunking Myths: Creatine Levels in Women 17:59 Issues With Creatine Gummies 24:48 Creatine Washout and Cycling 30:00 Creatine and Subcutaneous Water Retention 36:32 Training for Bone Health 46:22 Loading Recommendations for Bone Remodeling 50:05 Nuances in Bone Research 1:01:11 Dietary Considerations for Bone Health

Transcribed - Published: 17 September 2025

In this episode of Iron Culture, Eric Trexler interviews Dr. Marc Lewis, the director of Applied Sports Science for the Houston Texans. They discuss the role of sports scientists in maximizing athlete performance through data collection, management, and analysis. Marc shares insights on the day-to-day responsibilities of a sports scientist, the importance of understanding athlete load and stress, and the evolution of sports science in the NFL. They also explore the future of sports science careers and provide advice for aspiring sports scientists. Need some lifting gear? Use our discount code (MRR10) over at www.elitefts.com Keep up-to-date with Dr. Lewis and his projects: https://drmarclewis.com/ Instagram: @marctlewis Twitter/X: @marctlewis Chapters 00:00 Introduction to Sports Science in Football 01:47 What Does a Sports Scientist Do? 7:26 From Data to Decisions 11:00 Navigating the Data Overload 23:13 Applied Data Versus Peer-Reviewed Evidence 27:20 Applying Sports Science Insights to Strength Coaching 34:46 The Reality of Overtraining in Elite Sport Versus General Fitness 45:17 The Extremes of Human Performance 51:01 Unique Needs of Elite Athletes 56:45 The Current State (and Future) of Sports Science in America 1:09:46 Building a Career in Sports Science

Transcribed - Published: 10 September 2025

In this episode of Iron Culture, hosts Eric Trexler and Eric Helms discuss recent developments in college football and powerlifting, in addition to introducing their partnership with Elite FTS. The conversation shifts to a Q&A session where they address various topics, including collagen supplementation, creatine dosage, and the relationship between muscular endurance and strength. They also provide practical tips for reducing food focus during dieting and discuss the impact of hypertrophy on athletic performance. Need some lifting gear? Use our discount code (MRR10) over at www.elitefts.com Time stamps 00:00 Introduction (College Football & Powerlifting News) 04:25 Partnership with Elite FTS and Personal Experiences 11:50 Collagen Supplementation: Debates and Research Overview 35:37 Power Development: Training Volumes and Frequencies 49:00 Creatine: Dosage, Urination Frequency, and Cognitive Effects 1:03:18 Muscular Endurance: Training Insights 01:08:34 Hypertrophy and Athletic Performance 1:19:00 Creatine During Peak Week 1:19:58 Dieting Strategies and Food Focus

Transcribed - Published: 3 September 2025

In this episode of Iron Culture, hosts Eric Trexler and Eric Helms discuss various topics including the ongoing debate about the relationship between muscle growth and strength gains. They discuss brand new findings from the largest and longest-running study on resistance training, explore the implications of "apparent" sex differences in strength gains, and emphasize the need for nuanced statistical analysis in understanding the factors that contribute to strength gains and observed sex differences. Want to read a thorough analysis of the article we discussed in this episode (and many more)? Support the show by joining the MASS Community at massresearchreview.com Chapters 00:00 Intro 09:10 The Debate on Muscle Size and Strength 12:30 New Research on Muscle Strength and Size 20:45 Exploring Sex Differences in Muscle Training 26:40 The Hierarchy of Evidence in Research 32:00 Relationships Between Strength And Muscle Size 36:40 Lifting For Sport: History And Changing Cultural Norms 39:00 Back To The Study Results (Understanding Sex Differences in Strength Gains) 42:15 Nuances of Statistical Analysis: Relationships Between Strength And Muscle Size 54:10 Aside About Collegiate Sports In USA 56:50 Causal Discovery Analysis in Strength Research 1:08:00 Summary and Conclusions: The Role of Muscle Growth in Strength Gains 1:21:45 Listener Question: Sample Sizes in Exercise Science 1:27:10 Outro

Transcribed - Published: 27 August 2025

In this episode of Iron Culture, hosts Eric Helms and Michael Zourdos engage with Dr. Zac Robinson to discuss his dissertation research on the effects of resistance training volume on muscle adaptations. The conversation delves into the complexities of individual responses to training, the importance of research design, and the implications of findings for coaching practices. They emphasize the need for caution in interpreting data and the evolving nature of sports science, highlighting the significance of collaboration and flexibility in training approaches. Chapters 00:00 Introduction and Guest Introduction 06:25 The PhD Journey and Team Dynamics 11:32 Dissertation Overview and Research Focus 18:43 Research Methodology and Individual Variability 26:50 Understanding Individual Response Variation in Training 32:09 Study Design: Isolating Variables in Training Responses 37:33 The Importance of Replication in Research 42:40 Findings 53:41 Limitations and Implications of the Study 01:00:17 Genetics and Individual Response Variability 01:02:59 The Dose-Response Relationship in Training 01:06:25 Shifting Perspectives on Training Individualization 01:11:00 The Role of Sports Science in Coaching 01:19:51 Future Directions in Resistance Training Research

Transcribed - Published: 20 August 2025

In this episode, Drs Trexler and Helms discuss various topics including updates on Eric's surgery, the valuable (but very modest) effects of protein intake on muscle gains, incontinence after contest prep,  the relationship between sleep quality and nutrient timing, the recent ban on smelling salts in the NFL, and more. Time stamps: 00:00 Introduction 01:11  Preview of next week's episode (non-responders, hyper-responders, etc) 07:01 Trex's surgery update 12:11 Discussion on Protein Meta-Analyses and Research Updates (how much does protein intake actually matter for gains?) 33:10 Why meta-analyses differ from RCTs in terms of "expiration dates" 44:15 The Impact of Training vs. Nutrition (for muscle growth) 51:41 Q&A: Supplementation for Lifters (and Specifically Vegans Who Lift) 55:49 Incontinence, Increased Urine Output, and Contest Prep 59:16 Chrono Nutrition and Sleep Quality 01:11:28 The Role of Smelling Salts in Sports Performance (and Football)

Transcribed - Published: 13 August 2025

In this episode of Iron Culture, Helms and Trex have a lengthy discussion about the ECA stack and yohimbine. The history, the mechanisms, the regulatory changes, the practical applications – you name it, they cover it. Don't miss this episode if you have an interest in fat loss, stimulants, or dietary supplementation in general. Also, be sure to check out the newest issue of the MASS Research Review! Learn more at massresearchreview.com Time stamps 0:00 Intro 4:18 New issue of the MASS Research Review 10:42 Helms contest prep update 13:15 The history of the ECA stack and supplement regulation 30:07 Ephedra vs Ephedrine  35:31 Why people took ephedrine / ECA stack 36:30 Trends in PED use over time 45:00 Research on the ECA stack 50:58 Banning lifters for stimulant use 53:15 Effects of ephedrine + caffeine on metabolism and fat loss 1:02:44 What does aspirin really add to the ECA stack? 1:13:00 Do NSAIDs blunt hypertrophy? 1:21:25 How yohimbine works (and yohimbe vs yohimbine distinction) 1:31:10 Regulatory status of yohimbine 1:32:58 Practical applications

Published: 6 August 2025

In this episode of Iron Culture, Helms and Trex have a lengthy discussion about the ECA stack and yohimbine. The history, the mechanisms, the regulatory changes, the practical applications – you name it, they cover it. Don’t miss this episode if you have an interest in fat loss, stimulants, or dietary supplementation in general. Also, be sure to check out the newest issue of the MASS Research Review! Learn more at massresearchreview.com Time stamps 0:00 Intro 4:18 New issue of the MASS Research Review 10:42 Helms contest prep update 13:15 The history of the ECA stack and supplement regulation 30:07 Ephedra vs Ephedrine  35:31 Why people took ephedrine / ECA stack 36:30 Trends in PED use over time 45:00 Research on the ECA stack 50:58 Banning lifters for stimulant use 53:15 Effects of ephedrine + caffeine on metabolism and fat loss 1:02:44 What does aspirin really add to the ECA stack? 1:13:00 Do NSAIDs blunt hypertrophy? 1:21:25 How yohimbine works (and yohimbe vs yohimbine distinction) 1:31:10 Regulatory status of yohimbine 1:32:58 Practical applications

Transcribed - Published: 6 August 2025

Back when Trex was a 14 year old, his wrestling coach noticed his passion for training and nutrition. This coach took Trex under his wing, and they started absorbing and applying as much information as they could. Their source material, almost exclusively, was the content produced by Dr. Jim Stoppani – primarily from magazine articles, but also from the totally novel medium of online video content. Jim was a jacked PhD with tons of "in the trenches" experience - back in 2005 that was a very rare combination, and there's no question that people like Jim led the way for the next generation of "bodybuilding academics" like Helms and Trex.   Jim has made a huge mark on the fitness industry. Perhaps his most impressive feat is maintaining his impact and relevance as the industry has fundamentally transformed itself multiple times. Jim was the face of some of the biggest muscle magazines (in their prime), one of the most recognizable content creators when bodybuilding dot com was THE place for online fitness, and way ahead of the curve when it comes to building your own platform and leveraging mobile fitness applications. In this episode of Iron Culture, the Erics have a great chat with Dr. Stoppani about how the industry (and science communication more broadly) has evolved over the last 25-30 years.   To learn more about Jim and support his work, check out his social media channels and his website https://www.jimstoppani.com/   Time stamps 0:00 Intro 3:22 Jim's education 14:18 Jim's transition to the muscle magazine industry 30:44 Jim's bodybuilding dot com days 44:52 Fitness content creation in the age of social media: the good, the bad, and the ugly

Published: 30 July 2025

Back when Trex was a 14 year old, his wrestling coach noticed his passion for training and nutrition. This coach took Trex under his wing, and they started absorbing and applying as much information as they could. Their source material, almost exclusively, was the content produced by Dr. Jim Stoppani – primarily from magazine articles, but also from the totally novel medium of online video content. Jim was a jacked PhD with tons of “in the trenches” experience - back in 2005 that was a very rare combination, and there’s no question that people like Jim led the way for the next generation of “bodybuilding academics” like Helms and Trex.   Jim has made a huge mark on the fitness industry. Perhaps his most impressive feat is maintaining his impact and relevance as the industry has fundamentally transformed itself multiple times. Jim was the face of some of the biggest muscle magazines (in their prime), one of the most recognizable content creators when bodybuilding dot com was THE place for online fitness, and way ahead of the curve when it comes to building your own platform and leveraging mobile fitness applications. In this episode of Iron Culture, the Erics have a great chat with Dr. Stoppani about how the industry (and science communication more broadly) has evolved over the last 25-30 years.   To learn more about Jim and support his work, check out his social media channels and his website https://www.jimstoppani.com/   Time stamps 0:00 Intro 3:22 Jim’s education 14:18 Jim’s transition to the muscle magazine industry 30:44 Jim’s bodybuilding dot com days 44:52 Fitness content creation in the age of social media: the good, the bad, and the ugly

Transcribed - Published: 30 July 2025

Join hosts Eric Trexler and Eric Helms as they explore the potential "replication crisis" in exercise science, drawing parallels to the well-documented crisis in psychology. In this episode, they delve into the challenges of replicating research findings, the perils of placing too much confidence in singular studies, the importance of cautious interpretation of new studies, and the value of meta-analyses in understanding true effect sizes. Whether you're a seasoned lifter or new to the world of evidence-based practice, this conversation offers valuable insights into making informed decisions about your training. Time stamps: 00:00 – Introduction (and Helms’ travel updates) 17:29 - Replication Crisis in Psychology: Discussion on the replication crisis observed in psychology and its implications. 32:45 – What is “replication” 44:36 – Results of “reproducibility project” in exercise science 1:00:04 – Why are replication rates so low in exercise science? 1:27:24 – What does this mean for “evidence-based fitness” and application of exercise science? Relevant links: www.massresearchreview.com https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26315443/ https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40522610/

Transcribed - Published: 24 July 2025

In this episode of Iron Culture, Dr. Eric Trexler and Dr. Lauren Colenso-Semple discuss science related to attractiveness, coolness, and personality type. They explore scientific studies on the factors associated with perceived attractiveness and "coolness," discussing body fat percentages and societal perceptions. The conversation shifts to how personality traits appear to predict workout preferences and engagement in fitness, then they debate the importance of matching exercise to individual characteristics. Time stamps: 00:00 Introduction to Iron Culture and Guests 5:57 The Science of (Male) Attractiveness 10:39 Evolutionary Underpinnings of Male Attractiveness 13:53 Distorted Perceptions of Attractiveness (In the Fitness World) 20:10 The Irony of Pursuing Attractiveness 22:22 Body-Fat and Optimized Health 24:18 Surprising Article Feedback 28:50 Unrealistic Body Standards and Gender Perceptions 32:49 Achieving the Outcome Versus Doing Hard Things 35:07 Attractiveness is More Than Body Shape/Size 37:48 The Science of Being Cool 47:19 Matching Exercise To Personality Types References: Xia F, Sauciuvenaite J, Bissland R, Hambly C, Starr-Vaanholt L, Faries MD, et al. The relationship between body fatness and physical attractiveness in males. Personality and Individual Differences. 2025 Sep 1;243:113240. de Jager S, Coetzee N, Coetzee V. Facial Adiposity, Attractiveness, and Health: A Review. Front Psychol. 2018 Dec 21;9:2562. Brierley ME, Brooks KR, Mond J, Stevenson RJ, Stephen ID. The Body and the Beautiful: Health, Attractiveness and Body Composition in Men’s and Women’s Bodies. PLoS One. 2016;11(6):e0156722. Sorokowski P, Kościński K, Sorokowska A, Huanca T. Preference for Women’s Body Mass and Waist-to-Hip Ratio in Tsimane’ Men of the Bolivian Amazon: Biological and Cultural Determinants. PLoS One. 2014 Aug 22;9(8):e105468. Tovée MJ, Cornelissen PL. Female and male perceptions of female physical attractiveness in front-view and profile. Br J Psychol. 2001 May;92(Pt 2):391–402. Jayedi A, Khan TA, Aune D, Emadi A, Shab-Bidar S. Body fat and risk of all-cause mortality: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Int J Obes (Lond). 2022 Sep;46(9):1573–81. Hu J, Chen X, Yang J, Giovannucci E, Lee DH, Luo W, et al. Association between fat mass and mortality: analysis of Mendelian randomization and lifestyle modification. Metabolism. 2022 Nov;136:155307. Ramlau-Hansen CH, Thulstrup AM, Nohr EA, Bonde JP, Sørensen TIA, Olsen J. Subfecundity in overweight and obese couples. Hum Reprod. 2007 Jun;22(6):1634–7. Wei S, Schmidt MD, Dwyer T, Norman RJ, Venn AJ. Obesity and menstrual irregularity: associations with SHBG, testosterone, and insulin. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2009 May;17(5):1070–6. Liu Y, Hu X, Xiong M, Li J, Jiang X, Wan Y, et al. Association of BMI with erectile dysfunction: A cross-sectional study of men from an andrology clinic. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2023;14:1135024. https://psycnet.apa.org/doiLanding?doi=10.1037%2Fxge0001799 https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/psychology/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1587472/full

Transcribed - Published: 16 July 2025

In this episode of Iron Culture, Dr. Eric Trexler and Dr. Lauren Colenso-Semple discuss science related to attractiveness, coolness, and personality type. They explore scientific studies on the factors associated with perceived attractiveness and "coolness," discussing body fat percentages and societal perceptions. The conversation shifts to how personality traits appear to predict workout preferences and engagement in fitness, then they debate the importance of matching exercise to individual characteristics. Time stamps: 00:00 Introduction to Iron Culture and Guests 5:57 The Science of (Male) Attractiveness 10:39 Evolutionary Underpinnings of Male Attractiveness 13:53 Distorted Perceptions of Attractiveness (In the Fitness World) 20:10 The Irony of Pursuing Attractiveness 22:22 Body-Fat and Optimized Health 24:18 Surprising Article Feedback 28:50 Unrealistic Body Standards and Gender Perceptions 32:49 Achieving the Outcome Versus Doing Hard Things 35:07 Attractiveness is More Than Body Shape/Size 37:48 The Science of Being Cool 47:19 Matching Exercise To Personality Types References: Xia F, Sauciuvenaite J, Bissland R, Hambly C, Starr-Vaanholt L, Faries MD, et al. The relationship between body fatness and physical attractiveness in males. Personality and Individual Differences. 2025 Sep 1;243:113240. de Jager S, Coetzee N, Coetzee V. Facial Adiposity, Attractiveness, and Health: A Review. Front Psychol. 2018 Dec 21;9:2562. Brierley ME, Brooks KR, Mond J, Stevenson RJ, Stephen ID. The Body and the Beautiful: Health, Attractiveness and Body Composition in Men's and Women's Bodies. PLoS One. 2016;11(6):e0156722. Sorokowski P, Kościński K, Sorokowska A, Huanca T. Preference for Women's Body Mass and Waist-to-Hip Ratio in Tsimane' Men of the Bolivian Amazon: Biological and Cultural Determinants. PLoS One. 2014 Aug 22;9(8):e105468. Tovée MJ, Cornelissen PL. Female and male perceptions of female physical attractiveness in front-view and profile. Br J Psychol. 2001 May;92(Pt 2):391–402. Jayedi A, Khan TA, Aune D, Emadi A, Shab-Bidar S. Body fat and risk of all-cause mortality: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Int J Obes (Lond). 2022 Sep;46(9):1573–81. Hu J, Chen X, Yang J, Giovannucci E, Lee DH, Luo W, et al. Association between fat mass and mortality: analysis of Mendelian randomization and lifestyle modification. Metabolism. 2022 Nov;136:155307. Ramlau-Hansen CH, Thulstrup AM, Nohr EA, Bonde JP, Sørensen TIA, Olsen J. Subfecundity in overweight and obese couples. Hum Reprod. 2007 Jun;22(6):1634–7. Wei S, Schmidt MD, Dwyer T, Norman RJ, Venn AJ. Obesity and menstrual irregularity: associations with SHBG, testosterone, and insulin. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2009 May;17(5):1070–6. Liu Y, Hu X, Xiong M, Li J, Jiang X, Wan Y, et al. Association of BMI with erectile dysfunction: A cross-sectional study of men from an andrology clinic. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2023;14:1135024. https://psycnet.apa.org/doiLanding?doi=10.1037%2Fxge0001799 https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/psychology/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1587472/full

Published: 16 July 2025

In this episode of Iron Culture, Eric Helms interviews Dr. Stian Larsen, who shares his journey from powerlifting to becoming a researcher in exercise science. They discuss the intricacies of biomechanics, the importance of understanding squat techniques, and the latest research findings on muscle hypertrophy and resistance profiles. Stian emphasizes the need for practical applications in training and the significance of collaboration in research. The conversation also touches on future research directions and the role of education in advancing the field of strength training. Time stamps 0:00 Introduction 4:33 Stian's Journey in Powerlifting and Coaching 16:00  Biomechanics and the Sticking Point in Squats  23:56 Understanding Muscle Forces and Training Strategies 33:04 Transitioning to Hypertrophy Research 35:43 Research on Muscle Length and Hypertrophy 48:58 Practical Applications of Research Findings 50:02 Biceps Research Findings and Surprises 1:03:28 Practical Applications of Research Findings 1:04:53 Quadriceps Hypertrophy Study Results 1:22:27 Lateral Raises and Resistance Profiles

Transcribed - Published: 9 July 2025

In this episode of Iron Culture, the Erics provide some updates, corrections, and clarifications related to their recent episode exploring the science of microplastics. After that they take a brief moment to celebrate the 100th issue of the MASS Research Review, then answer listener questions on topics including: tasty meat alternatives, programming supersets, scaling dietary variables for very small/short individuals, the pros & cons of "extended release" caffeine formulations, the utility & shortcomings of BMI as a health metric, and more. MASS is celebrating its 100th issue, but it's never to late to join in on the fun! Learn more at massresearchreview.com Also, don't miss Iron Culture's sister podcast,  ⁨@fpfpodcast⁩  hosted by MASS's very own Eric Trexler and Dr. Lauren Colenso-Semple Time stamps (coming soon): 0:00 Intro 0:58 Revisiting microplastics (updates, corrections, and clarifications) 25:08 MASS celebrates 100th issue 34:00 Well-wishes for bodybuilding legend Ronnie Coleman 41:37 Tasty meat alternatives 47:12 Programming supersets 49:23 Scaling dietary variables for very small/short individuals 57:10 The utility & shortcomings of BMI as a health metric 1:05:03 Individual response variation to training 1:16:12 The pros & cons of "extended release" caffeine formulations

Transcribed - Published: 2 July 2025

In this episode of Iron Culture, Dr. Eric Helms talks about his forthcoming article in the MASS Research Review covering the purported harms of high-protein diets. This isn’t your typical oversimplified dunk-fest that readily dismisses concerns about high-protein diets. Instead, Helms reviews a thorough paper that reviews common concerns in detail and assessed their plausibility in an objective manner. The claims include:  Claim 1 – protein reduces lifespan Claim 2 – protein makes bones weaker Claim 3 – protein harms kidneys Claim 4 – protein causes diabetes After that, Dr. Eric Trexler discusses a recent Instagram thread that pulled him into arguments against his will. The post was about his recent article on ketogenic diets and seed oils – two topics that are always bound to attract some controversy and heated debate. This conversation discusses the strengths and limitations of different types of scientific research and also touches on bias, objectivity, and the process of seeking the truth with an open mind. Time stamps: 0:00 Intro 3:00 Helms’ new article about the purported harms of high-protein diets 19:25 Claim 1 – protein reduces lifespan 27:48 Claim 2 – protein makes bones weaker 43:38 Claim 3 – protein harms kidneys 50:53 Claim 4 – protein causes diabetes 57:22 Trex’s social media beefs – keto and seed oils 1:03:40 Types of observational studies 1:08:35 Seeking truth versus defending biases 1:17:32 Limitations versus fatal flaws 1:24:19 Limitations of RCTs (randomized controlled trials) 1:32:23 Wrapping up

Transcribed - Published: 25 June 2025

In this episode, the hosts discuss various aspects of bodybuilding prep, including caloric intake, metabolic adaptation, and the impact of extreme dieting. They explore historical studies that provide insights into these phenomena and discuss practical strategies for weight loss. The conversation transitions to powerlifting, specifically the recent IPF Worlds, highlighting the competitive dynamics and standout performances in the event. In this conversation, Eric Helms highlights impressive performances and battles in various weight classes. He emphasizes the growth of the sport and the challenges faced by lifters, particularly in extreme conditions. The subsequent Q&A covers the balance between powerlifting and bodybuilding, exercise order for hypertrophy, and the relationship between energy balance and recovery. Additionally, the practicality and effectiveness of using weighted vests for exercise are examined, providing insights into their potential benefits and drawbacks.   Time stamps: 00:00 Introduction and Helms' Updates on Bodybuilding Prep 01:50 Caloric Intake and Metabolic Adaptation 05:35 Extreme Cases of Metabolic Adaptation: Insights from Historical Studies 25:26 IPF Worlds Recap 44:44 Programming for Powerlifting and Bodybuilding (Simultaneously) 48:26 Exercise Order and Hypertrophy 01:00:23 Energy Balance and Recovery 01:05:44 The Pros and Cons of Weighted Vests

Transcribed - Published: 18 June 2025

In this episode of Iron Culture, the Erics begin by discussing Helms' prep updates and the standout performances from the recent powerlifting World Champions. The conversation also touches on body composition and attractiveness, highlighting the misconceptions in the fitness industry regarding ideal body fat levels. After that they take a deep dive into the strategies of cutting weight in various sports, comparing the approaches of powerlifting, bodybuilding, and combat sports. Finally, they explore the differences in weight cutting techniques across different sports, emphasizing the importance of planning and strategy for optimal performance. Time stamps: 00:00 Helms Prep Update and World Powerlifting Highlights 15:07 Body Composition, Attractiveness, Evolution, and the Fitness Industry 31:16 Trexler's Take On Comparing Weight Cuts in Different Sports (Powerlifting, Bodybuilding, Combat Sports) 40:32 Helms' Take On Comparing Weight Cuts in Different Sports (Powerlifting, Bodybuilding, Combat Sports) 57:11 Electrolyte Management and Hydration Techniques 1:03:05 Final Thoughts on Weight Management and Performance

Transcribed - Published: 11 June 2025

In this episode of the Iron Culture Podcast, the Erics discuss various topics including updates on Helms' contest prep vlog, a preview of the upcoming Powerlifting World Championships, misconceptions surrounding TRT, the effects of cold exposure, and the concept of lean mass hyper responders. They also discuss the importance of (and misconceptions surrounding) women's health research, and engage in a Q&A session addressing questions about energy expenditure, body composition, and more.  Time stamps: 00:00 Introduction and Updates 02:59 Powerlifting World Championships Preview 07:55 New MASS issue; TRT misconceptions 16:50 Cold Exposure and Its Misconceptions 18:00 Lean Mass Hyper Responders (and resulting chaos) 31:20 Women's Health and Fitness Research 46:24 Understanding Training Status in Research 52:52 Core Strengthening and building general athleticism 59:03 Debunking Myths Around Posture and Anterior Pelvic Tilt 01:01:50 Evaluating BIA and BIS for Body Composition 01:10:48 Reconciling Energy Expenditure Models in Active Populations

Transcribed - Published: 4 June 2025

In this episode of the Iron Culture Podcast, the Erics discuss various topics including updates on Helms' contest prep vlog, a preview of the upcoming Powerlifting World Championships, misconceptions surrounding TRT, the effects of cold exposure, and the concept of lean mass hyper responders. They also discuss the importance of (and misconceptions surrounding) women's health research, and engage in a Q&A session addressing questions about energy expenditure, body composition, and more.  Time stamps: 00:00 Introduction and Updates 02:59 Powerlifting World Championships Preview 07:55 New MASS issue; TRT misconceptions 16:50 Cold Exposure and Its Misconceptions 18:00 Lean Mass Hyper Responders (and resulting chaos) 31:20 Women's Health and Fitness Research 46:24 Understanding Training Status in Research 52:52 Core Strengthening and building general athleticism 59:03 Debunking Myths Around Posture and Anterior Pelvic Tilt 01:01:50 Evaluating BIA and BIS for Body Composition 01:10:48 Reconciling Energy Expenditure Models in Active Populations

Published: 4 June 2025

What's the deal with microplastics? Where do they come from? Are they in our bodies? If so, are they harmful? Also, what's the deal with microwaving Tupperware and other plastic containers? This episode is all about plastics - what we know, what we don't know, and what you can do about it. Key reference: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11800385/ Time stamps: 0:00 Intro 7:20 What are microplastics and where to they come from? 16:40 How much microplastic is in our bodies? Does it seem to be a problem? 32:05 What can you do about microplastics? 41:50 What can you do about Tupperware and other food storage options? 1:06:51 Related Q&A 1:20:48 Wrapping up

Transcribed - Published: 30 May 2025

In this week's episode of Iron Culture, the Erics answer a bunch of questions from listeners. More detailed description and time stamps coming soon!

Transcribed - Published: 22 May 2025

In this episode of Iron Culture presented by MASS, Dr. Eric Helms and Dr. Eric Trexler dive into a wide-ranging discussion covering updates on the long-awaited 3rd edition of the Muscle & Strength Pyramids, the writing process at MASS, and their recent frustrations with pseudoscientific claims in fitness and health. They dissect recent content related to eccentric training, ketogenic diets, LDL cholesterol myths, and the fine line between critical thinking and cynicism. Plus, they tackle rapid-fire audience questions on deloading, protein intake, training at short vs. long muscle lengths, and more. Timestamps 0:00 Intro 1:43 Muscle and Strength Pyramids Update 7:00 Why the Erics are extra snippy (about popular pseudoscience) in the upcoming issue of MASS 12:00 Keto diets and LDL (new research) 20:20 Why pseudoscience gains popularity 24:00 Cynicism vs. Skepticism 32:09 Paradigm shifts 37:02 Should I deload every 4 weeks? 46:02 Shortened vs. lengthened muscle training 50:37 High protein diets and kidney health question 53:21 Muscle imbalances after injury rehab   61:29 Why do we speak about the thermic effect of feeding so imprecisely? Why not manipulate it with high degree of specificity? 74:17 Hypertrophy rep ranges 74:56 Exercise science study design versus real-world questions 84:54 What's up with microplastics?   93:24 Wrapping up

Transcribed - Published: 22 May 2025

In this episode of Iron Culture, hosts Eric Trexler and Eric Helms discuss a variety of topics related to bodybuilding, nutrition, and fitness. First they share updates on Front Page Fitness and discuss some soon-to-be-released articles from the Mass Research Review, with topics including the implications of cold exposure, how much testosterone actually impacts muscle mass, seed oils, the effects of ketogenic diets on blood lipids, and eccentric training on muscle growth. The conversation also touches on the effects of alcohol consumption, navigating excess skin after weight loss, fat loading, sodium intake, metitation to acutely impact lifting performance, the effects of creatine supplementation, circuit training, and much more.   Time stamps: Coming soon!

Transcribed - Published: 14 May 2025

In this episode of Iron Culture, hosts Eric Helms and Michael Zourdos reconnect and reflect on their experiences at the 2025 Sports Nutrition Association annual conference. Joined by guests Dr. Nick Washmuth and Kaylee Chism, they delve into the concept of daily 1RM training, discussing its origins, methodology, and findings from a recent study involving participants who maxed out daily. Insights from the participants reveal varied results and experiences, highlighting the mental and physical challenges of such a training protocol. The conversation also explores the importance of dosage, frequency, intensity, and the need for more empirical data to better understand the effectiveness of daily 1RM training. The episode covers various training protocols, particularly focusing on volume training and its effects on strength gains. The hosts and guests discuss personal experiences with different lifting protocols, the importance of balancing other lifts during intense training, and the recommendations for those interested in 1RM training. Additionally, they explore the intriguing concept of swearing as a performance enhancer, examining its psychological effects and potential benefits in athletic performance. Time stamps: Coming soon! Reminder:Don't forget to check out our sister podcast, Front Page Fitness, hosted by Drs. Lauren Colenso-Semple and Eric Trexler!youtube.com/@fpfpodcast

Transcribed - Published: 7 May 2025

In this episode of Iron Culture, Eric Helms and Trexler welcome Maddie McConnell, a world champion natural physique athlete, to discuss the current trends in natural bodybuilding, her journey into the sport, and the challenges that come with being a world-class physique competitor. Maddie shares her experiences transitioning from a general fitness enthusiast to a physique athlete, the significance of her recent achievements, and insights into training and preparation. In this conversation, Maddie shares her journey as a vegan bodybuilder, discussing her training regimen, nutrition strategies, and experiences during competition prep. She emphasizes the importance of variety in her diet, the role of high-protein vegan sources, and the growing acceptance of vegan athletes in the bodybuilding community. Maddie also reflects on her future aspirations in the sport and the evolving landscape of natural bodybuilding. Time stamps: Coming soon! Reminder: Don't forget to check out our sister podcast, Front Page Fitness, hosted by Drs. Lauren Colenso-Semple and Eric Trexler! youtube.com/@fpfpodcast

Transcribed - Published: 30 April 2025

This is a very special episode of Iron Culture because it's the WORLD PREMIERE of "Front Page Fitness," a new podcast hosted by Drs Eric Trexler and Lauren Colenso-Semple. If you're part of the Iron Cult, these folks are no strangers - both have been on Iron Culture numerous times, and both are co-authors of the MASS Research Review. In Front Page Fitness, Eric & Lauren discuss the hottest health and fitness topics that are causing controversy, generating buzz, or dominating headlines. In other words, it's your weekly health and fitness newspaper, delivered in podcast form. Be sure to subscribe to their new podcast so you can continue enjoying their weekly episodes: https://www.youtube.com/@fpfpodcast https://creators.spotify.com/pod/profile/frontpagefitness/   Time stamps: 00:00 Intro 01:40 Eric & Lauren introduce the show (and themselves) 15:18 No safe level of alcohol intake? 49:42 Florida man has "cholesterol hands"

Transcribed - Published: 23 April 2025

The MASS Research Review started in 2017 and has provided cutting-edge evidence-based fitness content - every single month - ever since. Nearly 1500 articles and videos later, the MASS Crew is all in the same physical location for the first time in history. To commemorate the occasion, the MASS Crew sat down for a roundtable discussion about interpreting, communicating, and applying science in a nuanced manner. Listen along to gain some insights related to strengths, limitations, caveats, and tips for applying the information you gather from content creators and published research.

Transcribed - Published: 16 April 2025

In this episode of Iron Culture, host Eric Trexler and guest Jake Remmert discuss a new meta regression paper focusing on per session set volume and its impact on hypertrophy and strength. They explore the nuances of per session training volume, the implications of the findings, and address common misconceptions in the fitness community. The conversation emphasizes the importance of understanding the data and its limitations while providing practical applications for training. Time Stamps: 0:00 Housekeeping and Introducing Jake Remmert and his journey MASS Research Review ⁠https://massresearchreview.com/⁠ Sports Nutrition Association Annual Conference 2025 ⁠https://sportsnutritionassociation.com/sna-annual-2025-conference/⁠   16:00 New meta-analysis on per-session volume: an insight into the methods Pelland 2024 The Resistance Training Dose-Response: Meta-Regressions Exploring the Effects of Weekly Volume and Frequency on Muscle Hypertrophy and Strength Gain ⁠https://sportrxiv.org/index.php/server/preprint/view/460/version/587⁠ Robinson 2024 Exploring the Dose–Response Relationship Between Estimated Resistance Training Proximity to Failure, Strength Gain, and Muscle Hypertrophy: A Series of Meta-Regressions ⁠https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38970765/⁠ Remmert 2025 Is There Too Much of a Good Thing? ⁠https://sportrxiv.org/index.php/server/preprint/view/537/version/689⁠   29:45 Diving into the findings related to hypertrophy   44:44 Issues with conducting a study directly assessing per session set volume   47:02 Strength results   58:07 The practical applications: how the results of these meta-regressions influenced Jake's training and coaching   01:15:21 Addressing the feedback on the paper Refalo 2024 Similar muscle hypertrophy following eight weeks of resistance training to momentary muscular failure or with repetitions-in-reserve in resistance-trained individuals ⁠https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38393985/⁠   01:24:17 Jake's final thoughts on the paper and a quick history of meta-analyses   Where to find Jake: Instagram: @jake.remmert_coach ⁠https://www.instagram.com/jake.remmert_coach/⁠ Website: ⁠https://www.jakeremmert.com/⁠

Published: 10 April 2025

In this episode of Iron Culture, host Eric Trexler and guest Jake Remmert discuss a new meta regression paper focusing on per session set volume and its impact on hypertrophy and strength. They explore the nuances of per session training volume, the implications of the findings, and address common misconceptions in the fitness community. The conversation emphasizes the importance of understanding the data and its limitations while providing practical applications for training. Time Stamps: 00:00 Introduction 00:30 Jake Remmert's Background and Journey 06:18 Transition to Research and Meta-Analysis 16:24 Exploring Per Session Set Volume 23:27 Methodological Approach to the Study 26:22 Results and Practical Applications 27:33 Defining Terminology and Effect Sizes 30:10 Exploring Hypertrophy and Set Volume Relationships 33:54 Practical Recommendations for Training Volume 37:43 Understanding Variance in Data and Its Implications 46:50 Transitioning to Strength Results and Their Insights 58:55 Practical Applications and Training Adjustments 01:03:26 Volume and Recovery: Finding the Balance 01:07:08 The Importance of Frequency in Training 01:10:00 Understanding Volume and Its Impact on Performance 01:12:32 Interpreting Research: The Nuances of Meta-Analysis 01:24:43 Final Thoughts

Transcribed - Published: 10 April 2025

In this episode of Iron Culture, hosts Eric Trexler and Eric Helms discuss various topics related to fitness, nutrition, and hydration. They delve into the importance of hydration, the potential for overhydration, and the effects of vitamin C and gelatin on muscle recovery. The conversation also covers the debate between eccentric and concentric training for muscle growth, as well as the relationship between cardio and strength training. Throughout the episode, the hosts emphasize the need for evidence-based practices in fitness and nutrition, while also addressing common misconceptions in the fitness community.   To attend the upcoming SNA conference electronically and see the entire MASS team's presentations, you can find tickets here: https://sportsnutritionassociation.com/sna-annual-2025-conference/   To submit a question for us to answer on the show, head over to https://massresearchreview.com/ironculture/   Time stamps: 00:00 Introduction 04:28 Hydration: The Basics and Common Misconceptions 07:17 Research Insights on Hydration and Performance 10:26 The Impact of Dehydration on Training Adaptations 13:23 Overhydration: Risks and Considerations 16:37 Practical Hydration Tips for Athletes 19:28 Understanding Electrolytes and Hydration Strategies 22:22 Final Thoughts on Hydration and Performance 32:06 Understanding Supplements: DIM and Urine Color Changes 34:12 Vitamin C and Gelatin: Are They Worth It? 39:33 Micronutrients: The Balance of Too Much and Too Little 47:36 Eccentrics vs. Concentrics: Debunking Myths in Muscle Growth 55:24 Heart Rate Variability and Recovery: What You Need to Know 01:05:37 The Interference Effect: Cardio and Resistance Training Adaptations

Transcribed - Published: 2 April 2025

In this episode of Iron Culture, hosts Eric Helms and Eric Trexler engage in a lively discussion with Dr. James Steele about the evolving landscape of sports science, particularly focusing on the critiques of periodization and the importance of scientific theory in exercise research. They explore the philosophical underpinnings of scientific inquiry, the challenges of conducting robust research, and the implications of recent studies on training effects. The conversation emphasizes the need for a more theory-driven approach in exercise science to enhance the validity and applicability of research findings. In this conversation, James Steele and Eric Helms discuss the intricacies of designing meaningful studies in hypertrophy research, emphasizing the importance of collaboration, causal inference, and the need for high-powered studies. They explore the challenges of resistance training research, the significance of theory corroboration, and the future directions for the field. The discussion highlights the necessity of passion and purpose in research, advocating for a focus on practical applications and the importance of understanding the underlying mechanisms of training effects. Time stamps: 00:00 Introduction 03:55 The Role of Periodization in Sports Science 11:45 Critique of Periodization and Scientific Methodology 24:50 Philosophy of Science in Exercise Science 33:12 Understanding Sports Science Models 35:56 Philosophy of Science in Sports Research 40:00 The Importance of Critical Thinking 44:35 Diving into the Study 48:38 Theory of Adaptation in Resistance Training 54:47 Intervention Effects and Practical Implications 59:10 Meta-Analysis and Evidence in Sports Science 01:19:50 The Value of Individual Studies vs. Meta-Analyses 01:24:03 Understanding Causal Inference in Research 01:27:41 The Importance of Baseline Theory in Training 01:29:28 Identifying Small Effects in Research 01:33:16 The Role of Collaboration in Sports Science 01:38:38 Leveraging Data for Performance Insights 01:41:08 The Distinction Between Sports Science and Exercise Science 01:44:59 Learning from Other Fields: Causal Inference in Sports 01:47:29 Passion and Purpose in Research 01:50:02 Concluding Thoughts on the Future of Research

Transcribed - Published: 26 March 2025

In this episode of Iron Culture, Eric Helms and guests Conor Heffernan and Dr. Juan Carlos Casano delve into the intricate relationship between bodybuilding, performance-enhancing drugs, and athlete welfare. They discuss the historical context of bodybuilding, the cultural norms that have evolved over the years, and the alarming trends in mortality rates among bodybuilders. The conversation emphasizes the need for transparency in the sport and the impact of social media on perceptions of bodybuilding. The guests advocate for a more nuanced understanding of the issues surrounding drug use in bodybuilding and the importance of separating competitive practices from recreational bodybuilding for the sake of athlete safety. This conversation delves into the complexities of bodybuilding, focusing on the democratization of drug information, cultural issues, historical perspectives, and the impact of social media. The speakers discuss the need for regulation and safety measures in the sport, the motivations behind bodybuilding, and the legacy of past champions. They emphasize the importance of having open conversations about athlete safety and the future of bodybuilding, particularly in light of the increasing influence of social media and the need for a cultural shift within the sport. Time Stamps: 00:00 Introduction and Podcast Overview 02:57 The Importance of Bodybuilding History 05:51 The Golden Paradox: Mortality Trends in Bodybuilding 08:58 Cultural Norms and Bodybuilding Standards 11:54 The Role of Performance Enhancing Drugs 15:03 The Need for Academic Discussion on Bodybuilding Deaths 17:56 The Shift in Bodybuilding Culture and Athlete Welfare 20:52 Natural vs Enhanced Bodybuilding 24:08 The Future of Bodybuilding and Athlete Safety 36:05 Embedding Safety in Bodybuilding Organizations 39:55 The Overton Window and Evolving Physique Standards 41:17 Athlete Safety and the Role of Competition 47:12 Historical Context of Steroid Use in Bodybuilding 54:09 Cultural Problems in Bodybuilding and Athlete Health 01:00:37 Motivations Behind Bodybuilding and Artistic Expression 01:06:59 The Legacy of Bodybuilding Champions 01:10:21 The Impact of Steroids and Judging Standards 01:12:57 The Need for Constraints in Bodybuilding 01:15:16 The Role of Social Media in Bodybuilding Culture 01:25:44 The Future of Bodybuilding and Athlete Safety

Transcribed - Published: 19 March 2025

In this episode of Iron Culture, hosts Eric Helms and Michael Zourdos engage in a deep discussion with Dr. Mike Ormsbee about the role of resistance training in fat oxidation and body composition. They explore how resistance training can be an effective tool for fat loss, the physiological mechanisms behind fat metabolism during exercise, and the importance of myokines and hormones in this process. The conversation challenges common perceptions about fat burning and emphasizes the need for a nuanced understanding of energy expenditure and body composition changes. In this conversation, Michael Zourdos and Mike Ormsbee delve into various aspects of nutrition and exercise science, emphasizing the importance of understanding the evolving nature of research. They discuss the significance of preclinical studies, the role of resistance training in fat loss, and the myth of spot reduction. The conversation also explores the interplay between glycogen and fat utilization, the implications of pre-sleep protein feeding, and the lessons learned from past research mistakes. The speakers highlight the need for collaboration in research and the ongoing exploration of nutritional timing and its effects on body composition and sleep quality. --- To stay up to date with the MASS crew, head over to massresearchreview.com (Time stamps coming soon!)

Transcribed - Published: 12 March 2025

In this episode, Drs Trexler and Helms are joined by Dr. Eduardo De Souza to discuss the complexities and misconceptions surrounding high volume training in the context of hypertrophy research. He shares insights from his extensive research background, emphasizing the importance of understanding participant experiences and the nuances of training volume. The conversation also touches on the challenges of research methodology, the need for improved reporting standards, and the future directions of exercise science research.   Time stamps: 0:00 Introducing Dr Eduardo De Souza and some housekeeping https://sportsnutritionassociation.com/sna-annual-2025-conference/   4:23 Eduardo’s background and work in high volume training research Scarpelli 2022 Muscle Hypertrophy Response Is Affected by Previous Resistance Training Volume in Trained Individuals https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32108724/ Enes 2024 Effects of Different Weekly Set Progressions on Muscular Adaptations in Trained Males: Is There a Dose-Response Effect? https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37796222/   19:55 Measurement methods and errors Barsuhn 2025 Training volume increases or maintenance based on previous volume: the effects on muscular adaptations in trained males https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39665246/   26:00 The participant experience in high volume research and oedema   41:40 Criticisms of research methods   48:29 The applications of Eduardo’s research   59:12 Trained and untrained participants and future research de Souza 2007 Acute effect of two aerobic exercise modes on maximum strength and strength endurancehttps://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18076237/   1:09:46 The aspects of future research which excites Eduardo (and a sneak peak into some sleep research)   1:21:45 Closing out and where to find Dr Eduardo de Souza Instagram @dr.desouzaeo https://www.instagram.com/dr.desouzaeo/?hl=en  

Transcribed - Published: 5 March 2025

In tonight’s episode of Iron Culture, Eric Trexler and Eric Helms discuss various topics related to fitness, training, and research. They share personal updates, including the toll that Helms' intense training regimen is taking on his face. The discussion then shifts to the upcoming NFL combine, highlighting the impressive athletic feats expected from past combine participants. In the main segment of the show, Trexler and Helms discuss the nuances of lengthened-biased training research – more specifically, why we shouldn’t give up on the strategy just because a few studies reporting non-significant results have come along. In this conversation, Trexler and Helms explore the concept of sampling error in research, emphasizing the importance of understanding some foundational statistical concepts and the need for several studies to draw reliable conclusions. They explore the challenges of uncertainty in evidence-based practice, the balance to strike between mechanistic and empirical approaches to understanding exercise and nutrition, and the resistance to change in learning. Finally, they engage in a rapid-fire Q&A session addressing a handful of fitness-related questions. The MASS crew records Iron Culture LIVE on YouTube, Monday nights at 7pm eastern time. Be sure to join us for a future episode and say hello in the live chat!  If you'd like to submit a question or topic for us to address on an upcoming episode, please use this link:  https://massresearchreview.com/ironculture Time Stamps: 00:00 Introduction and why Trexler is worried about Helms 6:40 Q&A NFL Combine analysis Trexler 2017 Fat-Free Mass Index in NCAA Division I and II Collegiate American Football Players https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27930454/  13:18 Getting into the science with Helms’ upcoming MASS article on long muscle length training Burke 2006 "Fat adaptation" for athletic performance: the nail in the coffin? https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16357078/ Nunes 2022 Systematic review and meta-analysis of protein intake to support muscle mass and function in healthy adults https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35187864/ Larsen 2024 The effects of hip flexion angle on quadriceps femoris muscle hypertrophy in the leg extension exercise https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39699974/ Gschneider 2024 The effects of lengthened-partial range of motion resistance training of the limbs on arm and thigh muscle cross-sectional area https://sportrxiv.org/index.php/server/preprint/view/485/version/624 Wolf 2025 Lengthened partial repetitions elicit similar muscular adaptations as full range of motion repetitions during resistance training in trained individuals https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39959841/ Kassiano 2022 Does Varying Resistance Exercises Promote Superior Muscle Hypertrophy and Strength Gains? A Systematic Review https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35438660/ Pedrosa 2023 Training in the Initial Range of Motion Promotes Greater Muscle Adaptations Than at Final in the Arm Curl https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36828324/ 29:59 Simulating a large lengthened-bias training dataset 42:28 Some points from Trexler Trexler 2019 Acute Effects of Citrulline Supplementation on High-Intensity Strength and Power Performance: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30895562/ 1:02:56 Mechanisms vs experimental trials (uncertainty) 1:10:15 Using Large Language Models for statistical analysis (in R) 1:21:01 Q&A Rapid fire 1: Work and energy expenditure during eccentric contractions   1:23:22 Q&A Rapid fire 2: Waited vest upsides and downsides 1:25:47 Q&A Rapid fire 3: Protein recommendations for individuals who don’t train their entire body 1:29:20 Q&A Rapid fire 4: Sprint cycling for quad hypertrophy   1:35:04 Wrapping up See the entire MASS team speak at the Sports Nutrition Association Annual Conference https://sportsnutritionassociation.com/sna-annual-2025-conference/

Transcribed - Published: 26 February 2025

Iron Culture is officially part of the 3-plate club. In this episode of Iron Culture, hosts Eric Trexler and Eric Helms celebrate their milestone 315th episode while diving into various topics including testosterone replacement therapy (TRT), the efficacy of citrulline malate, training techniques for hypertrophy, managing tendinopathy, the health benefits of coffee, and programming for individuals with obesity. They also discuss how to improve training intensity and the importance of enthusiasm in lifting. Time stamps: 0:00 Introduction to another addition of Iron Culture 1:35 See the entire MASS team speak at the Sports Nutrition Association Annual Conference https://sportsnutritionassociation.com/sna-annual-2025-conference/ 5:55 Questions about testosterone replacement therapy Iron Culture Ep. 136- All About Testosterone & TRT (Yeah We Go There) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U5PDtstlmJ0 Tang Fui 2017 The effects of testosterone on body composition in obese men are not sustained after cessation of testosterone treatment https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28561278/ 20:42 An update on citrulline malate 30:18 Quantifying volume of time-saving techniques Coleman 2022 Muscular Adaptations in Drop Set vs. Traditional Training: A meta-analysis https://journal.iusca.org/index.php/Journal/article/view/135 Sødal 2023 Effects of Drop Sets on Skeletal Muscle Hypertrophy: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37523092/  34:09 Eric’s tips for working around tendinopathy 40:43 Is caffeine bad for teeth and substituting coffee for decaf? 47:31 Hip flexion training for rectus femoris hypertrophy 49:35 Resistance training prescription for people with obesity trying to lose weight 56:24 Defining and increasing training intensity 1:00:46 Training Hard Versus Training Smart

Transcribed - Published: 20 February 2025

This episode of Iron Culture begins with a rant/story by Dr. Trexler that highlights some issues with scientific publishing. He describes a study on apple cider vinegar, his MASS article criticizing the study, and the subsequent letter to the editor (and response from the original authors). This discussion is followed by a Q&A session with Dr. Helms covering protein during weight loss, headaches from creatine, machines for joint comfort, mixing creatine + caffeine, low volume training for hypertrophy, biceps curl variations, fiber recommendations, and more. The MASS crew records Iron Culture LIVE on YouTube, Monday nights at 7pm eastern time. Be sure to join us for a future episode and say hello in the live chat!  If you'd like to submit a question or topic for us to address on an upcoming episode, please use this link:  https://massresearchreview.com/ironculture/ Time stamps: 0:00 Introduction and where to submit your questions https://massresearchreview.com/ironculture/ 2:22 Sneak peak into a future MASS article and being careful when reading research Original Article: Abou-Khalil 2024 Apple cider vinegar for weight management in Lebanese adolescents and young adults with overweight and obesity: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study https://nutrition.bmj.com/content/7/1/e000823 Letter: Improbable data characteristics and extreme effects of apple cider vinegar on weight loss https://nutrition.bmj.com/content/early/2025/02/06/bmjnph-2024-000997 Response to Letter: Abou-Khalil 2024 Comprehensive clarification of statistical and data concerns on the effects of apple cider vinegar on weight loss https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11773656/#R1 21:23 Final thoughts on the papers 28:18 Q&A 1 Protein intake during weight loss? Iron Culture Ep 313 - Is More (and More, and More) Protein Better for Muscle Retention https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zWD83HYvJ_g Refalo 2025 Effect of Dietary Protein on Fat-Free Mass in Energy Restricted, Resistance-Trained Individuals: An Updated Systematic Review With Meta-Regression https://journals.lww.com/nsca-scj/fulltext/9900/effect_of_dietary_protein_on_fat_free_mass_in.179.aspx 30:04 Q&A 2 Headaches as a side-effect of creatine? 35:48 Q&A Rapid Fire: Machines for joints, hypertrophy of biarticular muscles with squats and deadlifts,   42:27 Q&A Rapid Fire 2: Creatine and caffeine, decaffeinated coffee  47:45 Q&A 3 Can low volume be optimal for hypertrophy? 51:36 Q&A 4 Hammer curls for maximal bicep gains? Kassiano Distinct muscle growth and strength adaptations after preacher and incline biceps curl https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39809454/ Zabaleta-Korta 2023 Regional Hypertrophy: The Effect of Exercises at Long and Short Muscle Lengths in Recreationally Trained Women https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37559762/ 58:30 Q&A 5 Up and downsides of fiber and some practical tips 1:03:05 Q&A Rapid Fire 3: Muscle length and peak contraction, different training for upper and low body, aerobic fitness with time-saving techniques Varovic 2024 Regional Hypertrophy with Resistance Training—Does Muscle Length Matter? https://sportrxiv.org/index.php/server/preprint/view/464#:~:text=In%20summary%2C%20our%20results%20indicate,to%20shorter%20mean%20muscle%20lengths de Salles 2010 Strength increases in upper and lower body are larger with longer inter-set rest intervals in trained men https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19811949/ 1:10:41 Closing out another wonderful episode of Iron Culture --- Music credit: Airport Lounge - Disco Ultralounge by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 license. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Source: http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/index.html?isrc=USUAN1100806 Artist: http://incompetech.com/

Transcribed - Published: 13 February 2025