2. Copley explores the transition from failing republics toward autocracy, noting that government suppression of liberties provides only temporary stability. He distinguishes between "tribal nationalism," rooted in historical values and land, and "state nationalism," which is transactional and prone to corruption. As republics become congested with factional battles and polarized between globalist and nationalist ideologies, they exhaust their resources through patronage. Copley suggests that societies must restructure to survive this breakdown. The transactional nature of modern republicanism eventually loses its unifying power as the state runs out of benefits to distribute. (2)
CHARLES II