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A special episode where I interview Stuart E Eizenstat - an American diplomat and attorney. Mr Einzenstat worked on Jimmy Carter's 1976 presidential campaign. After winning said campaign he became President Jimmy Carter’s Chief Domestic Policy Adviser.Later he went on to become President Bill Clinton's Deputy Secretary of the Treasury. And he served as the United States Ambassador to the European Union from 1993 to 1996Mr Eizenstat has also devoted much effort to various aspects of Holocaust Restitution, successfully negotiating major agreements with the Swiss, Germans, Austrian and French, and other European countries. He has recently written a book called the Art of Diplomacy in which he recounts how American negotiators reached historic agreements that changed the world.https://www.amazon.co.uk/Art-International-Diplomacy-Stuart-Eizenstat/dp/1538167999 Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.
Transcribed - Published: 29 May 2024
The Paris Peace consisted of a group of distinct treaties, but the main concern of the delegates was the settlement with Germany, embodied in the Treaty of Versailles signed in June 1919.Germany’s eastern frontiers presented far greater problems. www.patreon.com/historyeuropewww.historyeurope.net Music composed by Edward Elgar, Enigma variations, Variation IX (Adagio) NimrodPicture - Treaty of Versailles, Big FourTheme tune for the podcast by Nico Vettese, www.wetalkofdreams.com Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.
Transcribed - Published: 20 October 2023
In Spring 1918 a massive German offensive made significant territorial gains, but ultimately not the intended breakthrough, and the Allied forces stood firm. Exhausted and demoralised at the scale of casualties, the Germans were pushed back in a major counter-attack in the late Summer and Autumn. And on 26 September, the Allies launched a general offensive along the entire Western Front.Meanwhile, the Habsburg empire was fast falling apart as various nationalities declared independence. www.patreon.com/historyeuropewww.historyeurope.net Music composed by Alexander Scriabin, Etude in C sharp minor. Courtesy of musopen.orgPicture - US 64th regiment celebrate the ArmisticeTheme tune for the podcast by Nico Vettese, www.wetalkofdreams.com Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.
Transcribed - Published: 29 September 2023
After the Russian withdrawal from the frontlines following the October revolution, the treaty of Brest-Litovsk is negotiated between Germany and Russia.The Germans sought to conclude war on the Eastern Front as quickly as possible, while at the same time trying to establish an informal empire in east-central Europe, one composed of newly independent nation states on Russia’s western periphery. However, back on the German home front, after four harsh winters and widespread hunger, political unity was fraying, and riots and strikes occurred across the country. Everything now depended on the success or failure of a German Spring Offensive on the western front. www.patreon.com/historyeuropewww.historyeurope.net Picture - German Spring Offensive - British Lewis gun team at the Battle of Hazebrouck 1918 Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.
Transcribed - Published: 8 September 2023
While the nations of Europe fought each other to a bitter stalemate, the President of the United States, Woodrow Wilson, urged both sides to make peace. However, no agreement is made and the United States joined the war on the side of the Entente allies.In the meantime, the Germans ordered a general withdrawal at the western front, abandoning the battlefields of the Somme in order to establish a shorter, straighter and more well-fortified line, the so-called ‘Hindenburg Line’. The eastern front is more volatile, seeing the collapse of the Russian army, a major defeat for the Italians at Caporetto and the fall of Jerusalem to the British www.patreon.com/historyeuropewww.historyeurope.net Music composed by Vaughan Williams (Fantasia on a Theme by Thomas Tallis), courtesy of musopen.orgPicture - Allenby enters Jerusalem 1917Theme tune for the podcast by Nico Vettese, www.wetalkofdreams.com Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.
Transcribed - Published: 28 July 2023
As the year 1917 dawned, Europe had been at war for two and a half years, and pressures on the home fronts were becoming intolerable. Every participant nation came under huge strain. In Russia the Tsarist regime falls in March, but the interim government is unstable and itself falls in the famous October Revolution, led by Vladimir Lenin, who promises to withdraw Russia from the war. www.patreon.com/historyeuropewww.historyeurope.net Music composed by Frederich Chopin (The Polish Dancer)Picture - Vladimir Lenin, 1 May 1920 by Isaak_BrodskyTheme tune for the podcast by Nico Vettese, www.wetalkofdreams.com Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.
Transcribed - Published: 14 July 2023
Europe entered the year 1916 exhausted by one and a half years of conflict of a scale hitherto unimaginable, with profound effects on citizens at home, as well as those on the front line.The most intensive battles on the western front in 1916 are at Verdun and the Somme, with extraordinary numbers of casualties.Meanwhile, on the eastern front the Russians launch a major attack, the Brusilov offensive.Romania declared war on Austro-Hungary on 27 August 1916 and promptly invaded Transylvannia. www.patreon.com/historyeuropewww.historyeurope.net Music composed by Erik Satie (Gymnopédie no. 1), Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov (Russian Easter Festival Overture, Op. 36)Picture - Verdun - Gervais-Courtellemont_french_anti-aircraft_gunsTheme tune for the podcast by Nico Vettese, www.wetalkofdreams.com Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.
Transcribed - Published: 30 June 2023
For the Germans, 1915 was a year that should not have been. Their whole strategy had been based on a quick war, but they now found themselves embroiled in a two-front war – on the eastern front against Russia, and on the western front against France fully mobilised and also Britain.Throughout 1915, in a succession of attacks of increasing intensity, the various armies learned the techniques of the new kind of war at very heavy cost.In February 1915, Germany launched the Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes with an attack on the Russians in East Prussia. Meanwhile, the Austrians attempted to push deep back into Galicia, with huge numbers of casualties on all sides. www.patreon.com/historyeuropewww.historyeurope.net Music composed by Frederich Chopin, Mazurka in C sharp minor, Op. 6 no. 2Picture - Skoda_305_mm_Model_1911_LOC_War_of_the_NationsTheme tune for the podcast by Nico Vettese, www.wetalkofdreams.com Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.
Transcribed - Published: 16 June 2023
The first months of fighting in the First World War had seen no major breakthrough from any side. The Germans had captured about ten percent of France, and reached within sixty miles of Paris, but then reached a stalemate as both sides fortified their positions with great long lines of trenches running from Belgium to the Swiss border. Both sides attempt to bring other countries into the war to help break the stalemate and to tip the balance in their favour. The Italians, though deeply divided, decide in the end to join the side of Britain, France and Russia. And an allied attack against the Ottomans fails at Gallipoli. www.patreon.com/historyeuropewww.historyeurope.net Music composed by Freredich Chopin, Mazurka in C Sharp MinorPicture - Sinking of the LusitaniaTheme tune for the podcast by Nico Vettese, www.wetalkofdreams.com Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.
Transcribed - Published: 2 June 2023
The Russians strike hard against their most powerful enemy, Germany. Austro-Hungary help their German ally although their military forces are under-resourced, in large part because through the years the Hungarian parliament had restricted military finding by using it as a bargaining chip for political concessions.While the Austrians attack Serbia, the Germans achieve a significant victory against Russia at the Battle of Tannenberg. www.patreon.com/historyeuropewww.historyeurope.net Music composed by Alexander Scriabin - Etude in C Sharp MinorPicture - Tannenberg Bundesarchiv, East Prussian German InfantryTheme tune for the podcast by Nico Vettese, www.wetalkofdreams.com Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.
Transcribed - Published: 26 May 2023
The first main clash of the First World War was on the borders of France and Germany and in Belgium. The Belgians put up more resistance than the Germans expect. However, the Battle of the Frontiers, on the Franco-German border, from 7 August to 6 September 1914 was a disaster for the French army, who suffered very heavy casualties. Meanwhile, the British Expeditionary Force were making their way to the front.The war was set on a grim path of attritional fighting, and with both sides able to draw on millions more men it became virtually impossible to secure an easy victory. As stalemate was reached, the dreadful realisation set in that the combatants would be in this for the long haul. www.patreon.com/historyeuropewww.historyeurope.net Music composed by Sergei Rachmaninoff (Preludes, Op. 32, Lento, in B minor)Picture - French Bayonet ChargeTheme tune for the podcast by Nico Vettese, www.wetalkofdreams.com Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.
Transcribed - Published: 12 May 2023
The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to the Austrian throne. A month later Austria retaliates by declaring war on Serbia, which in turn brings Russia and the other great powers of Europe into conflict. As Edward Grey memorably expressed it: “The lamps are going out all over Europe, we shall not see them lit again on our lifetime”. www.patreon.com/historyeuropewww.historyeurope.net Music composed by Frederic Chopin (Mazurkas in C sharp minor)Picture - Franz Ferdinand, SarajevoTheme tune for the podcast by Nico Vettese, www.wetalkofdreams.com Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.
Transcribed - Published: 28 April 2023
Why did the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand trigger the First World War?I also describe how the long struggle between European powers for mastery in central Africa reaches its climax. www.patreon.com/historyeuropewww.historyeurope.net Picture - The Nine Sovereigns at Windsor for the funeral of King Edward VIIMusic composed by Frederic Chopin (The Polish Dancer)Theme tune for the podcast by Nico Vettese, www.wetalkofdreams.com Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.
Transcribed - Published: 14 April 2023
An analogy often given to the Balkans leading up to the First World War is a tinderbox, awaiting a flame to ignite it and set off a major conflagration across Europe. In fact, the region suffered a large-scale conflict already two years before the First World War began. Greece, Bulgaria, Serbia and Montenegro had all acquired their independence from the Ottoman Empire over the course of the 19th century. None of them, however, were happy with the territory under their control. Each aspired to lands still under Ottoman rule in Albania, Macedonia and Thrace. www.patreon.com/historyeuropewww.historyeurope.net Music composed by Frederic Chopin (The Polish Dancer)Picture - King George I of Greece and Tsar Ferdinand of Bulgaria at Thessaloniki Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.
Transcribed - Published: 7 April 2023
The Italian invasion of Libya 1911.After initial successes, the Italians face strong resistance against the Ottomans and Libyans www.patreon.com/historyeuropewww.historyeurope.net Music composed by Edward Elgar (The Crown of India, March of the Mogul Emperors)Picture - Italian landing at Tripoli Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.
Transcribed - Published: 17 March 2023
Following their countries independence in the mid 19th century, the Italians hoped to establish their status among the Great European Powers by acquiring colonial possessions. Their first main attempt was an unsuccessful invasion of Ethiopia, with a defeat at the Battle of Adowa in 1896 www.patreon.com/historyeuropewww.historyeurope.net Music composed by Frederic ChopinPicture - Battle of Adwa Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.
Transcribed - Published: 10 March 2023
In the first years of the 20th century the Austrian Empire faced numerous problems, most of all the rising sense of nationalism among its various peoples. Attempting a more assertive foreign policy, the Austrians set about a plan to formally annex Bosnia and Herzegovina, which since 1878 had been administered by Vienna but still remained under nominal Ottoman suzerainty. However, this decision backfired terribly, triggering a six month diplomatic crisis which almost led to general war www.patreon.com/historyeuropewww.historyeurope.net Music: Gustav Mahler's Fourth SymphonyPicture - Le Petit Journal, Balkan Crisis 1908 Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.
Transcribed - Published: 24 February 2023
The Ottoman Empire is in disarray and its treasury bankrupt. Under Sultan Abdul Hamid, the Red Sultan, there are violent suppression of uprisings of the Armenians in Anatolia. And in the Balkans the Macedonians and Albanians appeal for independence. A rebellion in Macedonia leads to the The Young Turk revolution and the overthrow of the sultan. www.patreon.com/historyeuropewww.historyeurope.net Music: Mazurkas by ChopinPicture - Sultan Abdul Hamid Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.
Transcribed - Published: 17 February 2023
Tsar Alexander II of Russia is assassinated in March 1881. He was probably the most liberal of all tsars of Russia, but succeeded by reactionary leaders Alexander III and then Nicholas II. Nicholas unwisely provokes Japan into a war, and is defeated, which is a catalyst for an attempted revolution in Russia in 1905 www.patreon.com/historyeuropewww.historyeurope.net Music composed by Petr Tchaikovsky (Symphony nr 6 in B Minor)Picture - Russian battleship Oslyabya, the first warship sunk in the battle of Tsushima /Bombardment during the siege of Port Arthur Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.
Transcribed - Published: 10 February 2023
A summary of the main events from the end of the Napoleonic Wars in 1815 to the beginning of the First World War in 1914 At the end of the nineteenth century the Balkans had multiple crises. The Treaty of Berlin 1878 was an attempt by the Great Powers of Europe to find a framework for stability in a region with various competing interests, many of them incompatible with each other. In effect, it created two spheres of influence in the Balkans: the Austrians’ in the west and the Russians’, together with the Serb allies, in the east. No side, however, was satisfied with Treaty. The Bulgarians were furious at having been denied the larger territory which they had won in battle. And the Serbians harboured ambitions for their borders to be expand southwards to areas inhabited by fellow Slavs, but under control partly of the Ottoman and partly the Austrians. www.patreon.com/historyeuropewww.historyeurope.net Music composed by Ludwig van BeethovenPicture - Congress of Berlin Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.
Transcribed - Published: 3 February 2023
In April 1877, two Russian armies invaded the Ottoman empire. The focus of the war became the siege of Plevna in Bulgaria. The strong resistance there gave the Turks real hope for a final victory, or at least holding off the enemy and forcing a more favourable diplomatic solution. www.patreon.com/historyeuropewww.historyeurope.net Music composed by Rimsky-Korsakov: Polonaise, and Russian Easter Festival OverturePicture - The defeat of Shipka_Peak, Bulgarian War of Independence Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.
Transcribed - Published: 16 December 2022
In April 1876 news spread across Europe of appalling atrocities being committed in Bulgaria, by Turks against local uprisings. These occurred soon after similar events elsewhere in the Balkans region – in Bosnia and Serbia. The strongest reaction came from Russia where widespread sympathy for their fellow Slavs led to a nationwide surge in patriotism A new sultan in Constantinople, Abdul Hamid II, rejects any concessions, leading to war www.patreon.com/historyeuropewww.historyeurope.net Music composed by Frederic Chopin - Mazurkas in C sharp minorPicture - The Batak massacre carried out by Ottoman irregular troops in Bulgaria in 1876 Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.
Transcribed - Published: 9 December 2022
In 1875, the Balkans entered a period of turmoil as various nationalities (Serbians, Bulgarians, Macedonians, Albanians and Romanians) struggled for independence from the Ottoman Turks. Uprisings quickly spread across the region and resulted in a major war between the Ottomans and Russians from 1877 to 1878. Meanwhile, Constantinople was suffering a renewed period of political instability which led to the overthrow of Sultan Abdülaziz in May 1876 www.patreon.com/historyeuropewww.historyeurope.net Music composed by Bedrich Smetana - Ma Vlast (My Fatherland), and Frederic Chopin- Nocturne in C sharp minor Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.
Transcribed - Published: 2 December 2022
Philippa has written novels set in several different historical periods, especially the Tudor period. We discussed the period around the Glorious Revolution 1688 when the Prince of Orange invaded England from Holland and replaced James II as king, and the Battle of Sedgemoor 1685 three years before. Some of Philippa's novels have won awards and have been adapted into television dramas. The most successful of her novels has been The Other Boleyn Girl, published in 2001. Philippa has also published a series of books about the Plantagenets, the ruling houses that preceded the Tudors, and the Wars of the Roses.Her new book is called Dawnlands, the third in a series named Fairmile. Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.
Transcribed - Published: 11 November 2022
For centuries, Europe’s German centre had been politically fragmented and weak. The continent had been dominated by states on the periphery, whose interest was to maintain the power vacuum at the centre. Now, however, for the first time, the Germans were united under the leadership of Otto von Bismarck and launched a major invasion into France, which ended up destroying the balance of power on the continent. www.patreon.com/historyeuropewww.historyeurope.net Music composed by Frederic Chopin - Mazurkas in C sharp minor, Poloniase nr 7 and Predule nr 10Picture - Bismarck and Napoleon III Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.
Transcribed - Published: 4 November 2022
Following Prussia's victory at Königgrätz in 1866, the North German Confederation became an instrument for Prussian dominance. All northern German states not directly annexed by Prussia were put in the new Confederation in which Berlin assumed control of their foreign and military affairs, and most of their internal ones as well. A solid block of Prussian territory stretched now between France and Belgium in the west to Russian Lithuania in the east.Tensions rise between Paris and Berlin, and Napoleon III of France blunders into a war against Germany for which he is not prepared www.patreon.com/historyeuropewww.historyeurope.net Music composed by Brahms Symphony nr 3, parts of the 2nd and 3rd movementsPicture - German troops at Torcy, in September 1870 Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.
Transcribed - Published: 28 October 2022
The Austro-Prussian War of 1866 was brief, yet its consequences were profound. It was the culminating event in a rivalry that began with the rise of the house of Brandenburg-Prussia, most notably Frederick the Great’s unprovoked attack upon the Habsburg province of Silesia in 1740. From that time Austria and Prussia were involved in a long struggle for supremacy in Germany. In 1866 Prussian armies invades Saxony and then the Austrian Empire with the main battle occurring on 3rd July 1866 at Königgrätz with immense armies on both sides. www.patreon.com/historyeuropewww.historyeurope.net Music composed by Johannes Brahms: Symphony No. 1 in C Minor, movements 3 and 4. Also Waltz nr. 15 in A flat major. Courtesy of musopen.org Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.
Transcribed - Published: 30 September 2022
Any list of decisive battles of European history would be incomplete without a battle which occurred on 3 July 1866 near the town of Königgrätz, in the north of the today’s Czech Republic.The victorious allies of the Schleswig War of 1864, the Austrian Empire and the Kingdom of Prussia, soon after fall out with each other and go to war.Austria faces great challenges - in the centre of Europe and facing in two directions – north and west to Germany, and south and east to a number of various ethnicities in eastern Europe and the Balkans www.patreon.com/historyeuropewww.historyeurope.net Music composed by Camille Saint-saens: The Carnival of the Animals - Aquarium and Swan Picture - Map of Central Europe Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.
Transcribed - Published: 23 September 2022
When in November 1863 King Frederick VII of Denmark died, a dispute arose over who had a legitimate claim to rule over the Duchies of Schleswig and Holstein. Otto von Bismarck saw this as a great opportunity to increase Prussian power in the region and decided, together with the Austrians, to invade Denmark.The key battle in the war was the siege of Dybbøl in April 1864 This month, August 2022, I'm doing a cycling challenge to raise money for Brain Tumour Research. More info at: www.justgiving.com/fundraising/carl-rylett-cycle274 www.patreon.com/historyeuropewww.historyeurope.net Music composed by Anton Bruckner (Erinnerung) and Sergei Rachmaninoff (Preludes, number 10, Lento in B minor)Picture - Siege of Dybbol Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.
Transcribed - Published: 26 August 2022
A border dispute between the German Confederation and the Kingdom of Denmark in the regions of Schleswig and Holstein breaks out into an inconclusive war in 1848-1850, and tensions remain into the 1860's. Meanwhile, a common culture was developing across the German population of Europe, with the literary works of Goethe and Schiller, and philosophers Kant and Hegel. On the political scene, Otto von Bismarck rises to power as the Prussian chief minister. He urges the need for the king’s military reforms, famously stating that the great questions of the time would not be resolved by speeches or parliamentary votes but by ‘iron and blood’. This month, August 2022, I'm doing a cycling challenge to raise money for Brain Tumour Research. More info at: www.justgiving.com/fundraising/carl-rylett-cycle274 www.patreon.com/historyeuropewww.historyeurope.net Music composed by Edvard Grieg (Peer Gynt Suite - Aase's Death, Anitra's Dance)Picture - Otto von Bismarck Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.
Transcribed - Published: 19 August 2022
Napoleon III of France and Cavour, chief minister of Piedmont come to an agreement to try to remove Austrian influence from the Italian peninsula, and provoke Vienna into war. One of the largest battles was at Solferino where there were three monarchs - Franz Joseph of Austria, Victor Emanuel of Piedmont and Napoleon III. The ensuing conflict lasted until 1861 when finally emerged the brand new nation of Italywww.patreon.com/historyeuropewww.historyeurope.netMusic composed by Giuseppe Verdi - Overture, Iphigenia In Aulis; La Traviata - Conclusion - Ah, fors' e lui. Courtesy of musopen.org.Picture - Entry of Garibaldi to Napoli, by Franz Wenzel Schwarz Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.
Transcribed - Published: 29 July 2022
The Napoleonic Wars had a dramatic impact on Italy, completing redrawing boundaries. Even though the French were defeated, many of their political reforms were to be both profound and long-lasting. And the temporary unification of parts of the peninsula encouraged Italians to be aware of a common nationality. Yet only decades afterwards would there be real change. Some of the protagonists were Giuseppe Garibaldi, Giuseppe Mazzini and Camillo Cavour, the Prime Minister of Piedmont www.patreon.com/historyeuropewww.historyeurope.net Music composed by Franz Liszt - Die Loreley, S. 532 (Piano Solo)and Mikhail Glinka - Trio Pathétique Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.
Transcribed - Published: 22 July 2022
An allied army of British, French and Italians besiege the Crimean port of Sevastopol in late 1854. Fighting also took place in the Baltic Sea and in the Far East, and in the Caucasus mountains at the siege of the fortress of Kars. The main event at Sevastopol was particularly protracted and bloody as the allies attempted to break through into the city www.patreon.com/historyeuropewww.historyeurope.net Music composed by Frederich Chopin: Preludes No. 7 'The Polish dancer'; Nocturne in F sharp majorPicture - Battle of Malakoff Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.
Transcribed - Published: 24 June 2022
The Russians invade Moldavia and Wallachia (in modern day Romania) and destroy the Ottoman Black Sea fleet at Sinop. Under public pressure, the French and British governments, concerned about growing Russian power, decide to send in troops to force the invaders to retreat. Seeking to neutralise the Russian threat in the Black Sea and Mediterranean, the Allies decide to invade Crimea. One of several early skirmishes was the famous 'charge of the light brigade' www.patreon.com/historyeuropewww.historyeurope.net Music composed by Frederich ChopinPicture - British cavalry charging against Russian forces at Balaclava Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.
Transcribed - Published: 17 June 2022
The Ottoman Sultans attempt to reform their army and state, under pressure from outside powers, most notably Tsar Nicholas I of Russia, who lays claim to protecting Orthodox Christians within the Ottoman Empire. The Crimean War begins when Russia invades the Orthodox territories of Moldavia and Wallachia in modern day Romania. www.patreon.com/historyeuropewww.historyeurope.net Music from Frederich Chopin: Nocturne in B flat minor, no. 1, and Polonaise no. 1Picture - The First Serbian Uprising (1804–1813) against the Ottoman Empire Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.
Transcribed - Published: 10 June 2022
The powers of Europe, especially Britain and France are concerned by the decline of the Ottoman Empire and growing power and ambition of Russia. This episode focuses on the problems of the Ottoman Sultan Mahmud II, who descendants once ruled a mighty empire that threatened Christendom, but in the 1800's was struggling under the pressures of modernity and the threat of regions breaking away e.g. in Egypt, Arabia and the Balkans. www.patreon.com/historyeuropewww.historyeurope.netMusic: Chopin's Mazurka in C sharp minor, and Etude no. 3 in E major - 'Tristesse'; Mikhail Glinka - Trio PathétiquePicture - Portrait of Sultan Mahmud II Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.
Transcribed - Published: 3 June 2022
Revolutionary breaks out across Europe continent from France to Romania, Denmark to Italy. Slowly the authorities regained control but were unable to reverse all of the changes. Most governments, for example, kept some form of constitution, and liberals worked hard to defend what was left of their achievements. The events of 1848 gave millions of Europeans their first taste of politics, and remained an inspiration for later generations. www.patreon.com/historyeuropewww.historyeurope.netMusic: Robert Schumann - Kinderszenen, courtesy of musopen.orgPicture: The revolutionary barricades in Vienna in May 1848 Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.
Transcribed - Published: 29 April 2022
In the first months of 1848, a tidal wave of revolution shook the political establishment of Europe to its foundations Events began with an uprising in Sicily in January, and by the end of the year the entire continent had been affected to some degree, including the overthrow of leaders in France, Austria, Italy and Germany www.patreon.com/historyeuropewww.historyeurope.netMusic: William Tell Overture by Gioachino Rossini, courtesy of musopen.orgPicture: Revolutionaries in Berlin in March 1848, waving the revolutionary flags Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.
Transcribed - Published: 22 April 2022
King Charles X of France is overthrown and replaced by his cousin Louis Philippe, Duke of Orléans. Meanwhile a 10 month long insurrection in Poland is crushed by the Russians. In the retribution which followed, eighty-thousand Poles are dragged off in chains to Siberia. The year 1830 also witnessed the formal independence of Greece from the Ottoman Empire after a war which had begun nine years before.And the Industrial Revolution gathers steam across western Europe www.patreon.com/historyeuropewww.historyeurope.netMusic from Feliox Mendelssohn, Italian Symphony, courtesy of musopen.orgPicture - Eugène_Delacroix (Liberty Leading the People) Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.
Transcribed - Published: 15 April 2022
The Congress of Vienna 1814 at the end of the long Napoleonic Wars led to a period of relative peace on the continent of Europe. A network of institutions was established known as the ‘Concert of Europe’ where differences could be thrashed out before leading to war. After the French Revolution, the basis of sovereignty shifted from individuals and families as leaders to nations and states. Throughout Europe a generation of individuals from the educated elite took the lead in developing movements of national liberation and liberal reform. But for more than thirty years the leaders of the Great Powers of the continent successfully managed to suppress these movements and clamped down on any signs of internal unrest or revolution www.patreon.com/historyeuropewww.historyeurope.netMusic: Frederich Chopin - Polonaise in A Flat Major; Franz Schubert's Symphony no.5Picture: Congress of Vienna watercolour etching by August Friedrich Andreas Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.
Transcribed - Published: 8 April 2022
The French army invades Russia. The Russians retreat deep into their own territory then confront the French at the inconclusive Battle of Borodino of September 1812. Napoleon leads his men into Moscow but is forced to abandon the city and return westwards in the middle of winter, resulting in devastating losses. The anti-French coalition regain the initiative at the huge Battle of the Nations and finally at the Battle of Waterloo. www.patreon.com/historyeuropewww.historyeurope.net Music composed by Beethoven; Moonlight Sonata and Symphony No.6 in F major. Courtesy of musopen.org Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.
Transcribed - Published: 18 March 2022
The French invade Prussia and capture its capital Berlin, and then move into Poland and take Warsaw. Napoleon and Tsar Alexander then agreed the Treaties of Tilsit. The greatest resistance to French dominance comes from the Spanish, aided by the British under the command of the Duke of Wellington.www.patreon.com/historyeuropewww.historyeurope.netMusic from Beethoven - Symphony Nr 5, courtesy of www.musopen.orgPicture: Charles Meynier - Entrée de Napoléon à Berlin, 27 Octobre 1806 Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.
Transcribed - Published: 11 March 2022
Peace could potentially have lasted after the treaties of Lunéville and Amiens of 1801 and 1802 had the great powers accepted each others’ spheres of influence. However, the agreements turned out to be just a short truce. Napoleon’s continued annexations in Europe and apparent ambitions in the Mediterranean and Near East alarmed the British and Russians. The French suffer defeat at Trafalgar but manage to occupy Vienna. The Russians then withdrew back eastwards, while the Austrians hastened to make peacewww.patreon.com/historyeuropewww.historyeurope.netMusic from Beethoven - Symphony Nr 3 'Eroica', played by Czech National Symphony Orchestra, courtesy of www.musopen.orgPicture: Jacques-Louis David - The Emperor_Napoleon in His Study at the Tuilerie Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.
Transcribed - Published: 4 March 2022
Napoleon leads the French into Egypt but is defeated at the Battle of the Nile by the British. Afterwards the Russians and Austrians push back against the French in Italy, but then suffer a reverse at the Battle of Marengo. Marengo turned out arguably to be the most important victory of Napoleon’s career. Had he lost the battle, he would have lost the war and probably the consulship. Instead his narrow win secured his job and won him Italy. www.patreon.com/historyeuropewww.historyeurope.net Music from Mozart - March in D major; Violin Concerto no. 3 in G major, II. Adagio, courtesy of www.musopen.orgPicture - Jacques-Louis David - Napoleon Crossing the Alps Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.
Transcribed - Published: 28 January 2022
The French invade Belgium in 1794 and the Netherlands in 1795. The coalition against them starts to fall apart as individual members came to terms. Russia, Prussia and Austria are distracted by their partitioning of Poland, which is wiped off the map.Next the French invade Austria and Italy, the Italian campaign led by a promising young commander Napoleon Bonaparte. www.patreon.com/historyeuropewww.historyeurope.net Music from Mozart (Symphony no. 40 'Prague'), courtesy of www.musopen.orgPicture - Louis-François, Baron Lejeune - The Battle of Lodi 1796 Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.
Transcribed - Published: 21 January 2022
A French military victory at Valmy in 1792 and the execution of Louis XVI in January 1793 focused the growing concern across Europe about the radical new regime in Paris. The true revolutionary nature of events in France was dawning on everyone, including the possibility of the export of the revolutionary principles. In France, there was further political turmoil in 1793 with the coming to power of Maximilien Robespierre, who embarked on a fully fledged reign of Terror Music - Mozart's Clarinet Concerto in A major, I. Allegro Picture - Battle of Jemmapes, by Raymond Desvarraux Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.
Transcribed - Published: 14 January 2022
The French king from 1774, Louis XVI, was poorly equipped for the role of national leader at a difficult time. His tragedy was that he had good intentions and a strong sense of responsibility. But he was shy and awkward and lacked the required political skills and charisma. Decades of failure for the French in foreign and domestic affairs, resulted in a profound crisis of legitimacy for the monarchy, resulting in the famous revolution of 1789 www.patreon.com/historyeuropewww.historyeurope.net Music from Hector Berlioz (Symphonie Fantastique), courtesy of www.musopen.org Picture - Jean-Pierre Houël - The storming of the Bastille, July 14, 1789 Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.
Transcribed - Published: 7 January 2022
The Origins of the French Revolutionary Wars can be dated to 17th August 1787, when in Constantinople the Ottomans arrested the Russian ambassador Count Bulgakov in the Topkapi palace, and declared war on St Petersburg. Catherine the Great had deliberately provoked the Turks and now dragged in the reluctant Austrians into the war. The Austrian Emperor was Joseph II, the archetypal enlightened despot, who worked hard to reform his empire but from the top down. His reforms provoked the so-called Brabantine Revolution 1789-90 in the Netherlands which was similar in some ways to the contemporary French Revolution. www.patreon.com/historyeuropewww.historyeurope.net Music from Joseph Haydn (Symphony 94, 'Surpise'), Christoph Gluck (the opera 'Iphigenie En Tauride') and Mozart (the Turkish March), courtesy of www.musopen.org Picture - January Suchodolski - the Siege of Ochakov 1788 Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.
Transcribed - Published: 31 December 2021
In the last years of the 19th century the continent of Europe was turned on its head. France erupted into revolution in the middle of what was already a volatile situation, with various tensions between the Great Powers (Great Britain, Prussia, Russia, Austria, Ottomans as well as France). The storming of the Bastille is an iconic moment, not just for French, but world history. It came at a time when French prestige was in decline and her foreign policy seemed adrift. The French support of the British colonies in America helped them gain independence but did little for France herself. Meanwhile the Austrian Empire faced its own challenges, led by Joseph I after the death of Maria Theresa, and the Dutch Republic also appeared on the verge of revolt https://www.patreon.com/historyeuropewww.historyeurope.net Music from Hector Berlioz (Symphonie Fantastique) and Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (Serenade in G Major or Eine Kleine Nachtmusik), courtesy of www.musopen.orgPicture - Jacques Bertaux_-_Prise du palais desTuileries Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.
Transcribed - Published: 24 December 2021
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Transcribed - Published: 5 November 2021
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