What we call innate immunity very often, and I'm very often talking about innate antibodies,

in contrast to the naturally acquired antibodies, the innate antibodies, these are pre-existing

antibodies. Antibodies that are already, so to say, pre-primed, that you have at birth

already, not as a result of antigen experience, right? A newborn, all of a sudden, gets

confronted with a number of pathogens, you know, the newborn cannot have all this antibodies

read because it's never seen these pathogens. So there is, this is providing them with a

good start. The innate antibodies were found in every vertebrate species, also to tell

you how important they are from an evolutionary viewpoint that you find them in all vertebrate

species. So this is something that we have been completely neglecting, and these are basically

the antibodies that protect all these young children and people in good health from a

disease that is therefore, that is therefore not a childhood disease, right? SARS-CoV-2. So

the cells that generate those innate antibodies, we call them B1 cells, it is a particular type

of B cells, which is different from the B cells that generate the naturally acquired antibodies,

the naturally acquired antibodies, or antigen-specific, first of all, they do have, they do have a high

affinity for that particular antigen, and they are long-lived, and they are typically acquired

when we talk, for example, about SARS and, yes, and other infectious diseases, they are

typically acquired once you have gotten the disease and you recovered from the disease,

and they have high anonymity, so even if they disappear, they generate immunological memory,

and because they generate immunological memory, they can be recalled very, very rapidly,

so that is also some misunderstanding, many people are worried because their antibodies have

disappeared in their blood, they should know that as soon as their body sees the antigen

again, or is re-exposed to the virus, that within no time, because there are memory cells,

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