Hi, this is Tom, and in this episode I'm going to be going through urinary tract infections in children.

And you can find notes at zero to finals.com and in the zero to finals pediatrics book.

And you can find flashcards and questions at members.0.0.5.com.

And at the end of the episode, we'll go through some questions so you can test yourself on what

you just heard. So let's jump straight in. Lower urinary tract infections involve infection in the bladder,

causing cystitis, which is inflammation of the bladder.

Pylonephritis refers to inflammation of the kidney resulting from bacterial infection.

The inflammation affects the kidney tissue, or the parochyma, and the renal pelvis, where the ureter joins the kidney.

Pylonephritis is an upper urinary tract infection.

Urinary tract infections are much more common in girls, as the urethra is much shorter.

The primary source of bacteria for urinary tract infections is from feces.

Intestinal bacteria such as escherichia coli or e coli,

Klebsiella pneumoniae and enterococci can easily journey to the urethral opening from the anus.

Let's talk about the presentation.

The presentation of urinary tract infections in infants is non-specific, with symptoms such as fever,

lethargy, irritability, vomiting, poor feeding, and

urinary frequency.

Signs and symptoms in older infants and children are more specific.

For example, abdominal pain, particularly supriubic pain, disuria, which is painful urination,

urinary frequency going more often than normal, urinary urgency, having an urgent need to pass urine,

urinary incontinence, nocturnal aneurysis, which is bedwetting, fever and vomiting.

Next let's talk about diagnosing upper urinary tract infections.

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