We will hear argument this morning in case 24A884, Trump v. Kassa, Inc. and the consolidated cases.

General Sauer.

Mr. Chief Justice, and may it please the Court, on January 20, 2025, President Trump issued

Executive Order 14160, protecting the meaning and value of American citizenship. This order reflects the

original meaning of the 14th Amendment, which guaranteed citizenship to the children of former

slaves, not to illegal aliens or temporary visitors. Multiple district courts promptly issued

nationwide or universal injunctions blocking this order,

and a cascade of such universal injunctions followed.

Since January 20th, district courts have now issued 40 universal injunctions against the federal government,

including 35 from the same five judicial districts.

This is a bipartisan problem that has now

spanned the last five presidential administrations. Universal injunctions exceed the judicial

power granted in Article 3, which exists only to address the injury to the complaining

party. They transgress the traditional bounds of equitable authority, and they create a host of

practical problems. Such injunctions prevent the percolation of novel and difficult legal questions.

They encourage rampant forum shopping. They require judges to make rushed, high-stakes, low-information

decisions. They circumvent Rule 23 by offering all the benefits

but none of the burdens of class certification. They operate asymmetrically, forcing the government

to win everywhere, while the plaintiffs can win anywhere. They invert the ordinary hierarchy

of appellate review. They create the ongoing risk of conflicting judgments.

They increase the pressures on this court's emergency docket. They create what Justice Powell described as repeated and essentially head-on confrontations between the life-tenured and representative branches of government.

And they disrupt the Constitution's careful balancing of the separation of powers.

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