This is the Cato Daily Podcast for Tuesday, November 21st, 2017.

I'm Kila Brown. Occupational licensing remains a massive hurdle for many people who have skills but don't want or need to go

through expensive and time-consuming certification.

It has implications for economic growth going forward.

Lisa Nepper and Jennifer McDonald are co-authors of the new edition from the

Institute for Justice, Licensed to Work. We spoke last week. Five years ago, the Institute for Justice

did this study, Licensed to work. This is the second

edition. So what's changed?

Unfortunately, very little. The picture still looks pretty bleak for licensing and lower income

occupations. There are too many licenses, they're overly burdensome, they often

look irrational and arbitrary.

This does not look at all the same occupations that you did the last time, but the burdens

for most of these occupations, they simply have not changed. There's really no movement.

Not a lot of movement.

No, we're looking at about 102 lower income occupations.

These are things like cosmetologist, auctioneer,

athletic trainer, landscape contractor.

The list of 102 changed slightly from the first to the second edition.

It's not a huge change.

But overall, what we found was breaking into these 102

occupations across all the states and the District of Columbia takes on

average nearly a year of education or training,

...