Hi, ladies and gentlemen, very nice to welcome you to the last of the Cells seminar for this term.

We have another eight seminars for next term, so of a fantastic range of speakers, so I'm sure you're all here for intellectual ende endeavor and not just for the free lunch, but

continue over into next term.

I have great pleasure to introduce to you Nicola Croquet, who is Belgium and British.

He's just become British, which is not a very wise decision on his part with a somewhat surprising but anyway and he's a man of many talents having done his

defil in Oxford he's now working at the co-facing what the law looks like on the ground

at McKenna's and he's had some experience in the US and his

interests range from human rights to environmental law and that I think could be the subject

matter if you all talk today so thank you very much he's going to talk for about half an hour

40 minutes or so and then there'll be time for questions and then we wrap up so about 5 to 2

okay there's no longer okay it's just symbolic okay well good afternoon and

thank you very much to the Center for European Legal Studies thank you to Alicia

thank you to Professor Barnard. Thank you to Felici

for kind of hosting this event. The title of this presentation is the import of international

customary law into the EU legal order, the adequacy of the theory of direct effect.

I wanted to focus the issue of import of international legal norms into the EU law on a particular

source of public international law, which I feel is less elaborated upon compared to literature on the import of international treaties.

And I was hoping to draw analogy with the case law on the direct effect of international treaties,

as a way of informing the debate about how international customary law ought to permeate

the EU legal order.

So the structure of the presentations as follows.

First, in order to frame the presentation, it's important to be clear on what I mean by

...