3. Westmoreland’s three-phase plan focused on building massive infrastructure and then launching "crushing operations" to force North Vietnamese negotiations. However, the "search and destroy" metric of success—body counts—failed because 90% of operations made no enemy contact. The NVA often disappeared into trackless jungles to live to fight another day. Meanwhile, President Johnson respected Cambodian and Laotian neutrality despite NVA exploitation. He feared that widening the war into these vast sanctuaries would require massive troop increases the U.S. could not sustain, choosing instead to focus combat within South Vietnamese borders. (3)