1. Geoffrey Wawro explains that President Lyndon Johnson and Robert McNamara exploited the 1964 Gulf of Tonkin incident as a political opportunity. Though the reported North Vietnamese attacks were "contrived," they were used to secure the Tonkin Gulf Resolution, providing a "blank check" for military escalation. Johnson’s strategy was a delicate balance: he aimed to intimidate North Vietnam into a two-state solution without triggering Chinese intervention. Facing domestic pressure from conservative rivals, Johnson used the incident to galvanize public support despite knowing the military premise was false. This political maneuvering set the stage for full-scale combat. (1)

1962