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I'm John Dodger with Jonathan Healy, Professor Jonathan Healy, a social historian at an associate professor at Oxford University.

His new book is The Blazing World, a new history of the Revolutionary England, 1603 to 1689.

Jonathan mentions the Scottish Revolt, but that's the first of many, rising up against the absolute power of the King.

We need now to go quickly through the 1630s and the 1640s,

because the King's power is challenged not only by religionists,

but also by people who have been disappointed about his way of exacting penalties,

exacting taxes, and what is an effect tyrannical.

The word tyranny is used all the time.

Jonathan, the fighting begins almost casually in the early 1640s, with the king riding around with retainers, that is to say, his

private army traveling with him. At the time, there was no standing army. Is that correct? When the king

needed men to fight with him, he'd called to his lords and they'd raise the army. So is the king

understood to be, at this point, ordinary riding with his protectors, or is this seen to be

a step back, a weakness on his part?

Well, I mean, he's, if you like the sort of, the kind of Rubicon moment, if you like,

is when in, at the very, well, the winter of 1641, 1642, where essentially, so what's

...