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History Unplugged Podcast

Reverse Ellis Island: American Migrants Who Fought for Mussolini and Built Stalin’s USSR

History Unplugged Podcast

History Unplugged

Society & Culture, History

4.23.7K Ratings

🗓️ 7 October 2025

⏱️ 43 minutes

🧾️ Download transcript

Summary

America saw a significant reverse-migration in the 1800s and 1900s, with 20–50% of Italian immigrants returning to Italy as ritornati and tens of thousands of Americans, including ideologues and workers, moving to Germany, Italy, and the USSR in the 1930s seeking political or economic opportunities. Some of these American expatriates were drawn to revolutionary movements in Europe and Asia, blending idealism with political activism

Today’s guest is David Mayers, author of Seekers and Partisans: Americans Abroad in the Crisis Years, 1935–1941. We discuss alienated Americans who went abroad during the interwar years in search of a new home and/or to further deeply personal causes. They include John Robinson, a black aviator who in 1935 led the Ethiopian air force against the Italian invasion; Agnes Smedley, who joined the Chinese communists during the Sino-Japanese war; Helen Keller, an advocate of the seeing- and hearing-impaired; Ezra Pound, a lauded poet who championed Mussolini; and Anna Louise Strong, drawn to Stalin's USSR.

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Transcript

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0:00.0

Scott here with another episode of The History on Plug podcast.

0:07.7

The story of immigration to America is one that's well known, but one far less told

0:11.5

is an almost equally large migration and remigration out of America.

0:15.3

For example, between 1880 and 1924, up to 50% of Italian immigrants, the United States,

0:21.7

returned home.

0:25.1

These were mostly young men who came to America to work temporarily,

0:26.8

save money in return, which they did.

0:29.6

Other migrants left America for political reasons.

0:33.3

During the 1930s, tens of thousands of American leftists who supported the socialist revolution of the Soviet Union

0:36.0

and were suffering under the Great Depression, left for the USSR.

0:39.6

They heeded Stalin's call for technically skilled immigrants to come and help build out the global cause of communism.

0:45.2

And there were also thousands who heeded Adolf Hitler's calls for all ethnic Germans to return to the motherland and joy the war effort or those who believed in Mussolini's cause.

0:53.5

Now, not everyone who

0:54.6

went abroad during this time was a partisan. Some of these individuals include John Robinson,

0:58.9

a black American aviator who in 1935 led the Ethiopian Air Force against the Italian invasion.

1:04.7

Agnes Smedley joined the Chinese Communist during the Sino-Japanese War. Helen Keller, who took

1:09.8

her education advocacy of the blind to Japan,

1:12.2

and went on a nationwide tour in 1937, as her Pound, a famous poet who championed Mussolini,

1:17.8

and Anna Louise Strong drawn to Stalin's USSR.

1:20.9

Today's episode, we're joined by David Myers, author of Seekers and Partisans, Americans

1:24.8

Abroad, in the crisis years, 1935 to 1941.

1:28.0

We explore this reverse migration, what Americans were seeking in the interwar years that they

...

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