Going even further, it's not just science.

When we look at innovation and technology and building,

for example, everything that Thomas Edison did

and Nicola Tesla did, these were from trial and error,

which is creative guesses and trying things out.

If you look at how evolution works through variation

and then natural selection, where it tries a lot

of random mutations and it filters out the ones

that didn't work.

So this seems to be a general model

through which all complex systems improve themselves

over time.

They make bold guesses and then they weed out

the things that didn't work.

Things like a beautiful symmetry to it

across all knowledge creation.

It's ultimately an act of creativity.

We don't know where it comes from

and it's not just a mechanical extrapolation

of observations.

The most famous example on this,

we mentioned black swans, we talked about boiling water,

...