Today I'm going to break down another portion of the half has never been told.

And if you haven't gotten a book, please go get it.

I'm not going to read every single chapter.

Today I'm going to focus on the chapter entitled Left Hand,

because it's in this chapter where we first meet Patsy,

the woman that I often talk about from 12 years of slave,

the book by Samuel Northrop.

Early on in the chapter, Edward Baptist talks about torture.

He talks about the whip and how the whip was mightier

than the machine, that the whip was able to exact more cotton from enslaved people than any

machine that was developed. Inslave people were picking more cotton than any cotton gent could ever do,

and it was directly as a result of the whip.

So he writes, the whip, ten feet of plaited cowhide dangling from a weighted handle, was,

Ball realized, different from all other whips that I've ever seen.

The impression it made would never leave him.

Many other migrants reported the same feeling of shocked discovery.

In Virginia and Maryland, white people used cat anine tails, short leather whips with multiple

thongs.

These were dangerous weapons, and Chesapeake enslavers were creative in developing a repertoire of torture to force people to do what they wanted.

But this southwestern whip was far worse.

In expert hands, it ripped open the air with a sonic boom, tearing gashes through skin and flesh.

As the overseer beat Lydia, she screamed and writhed.

...