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Science Friday

Feathered Dino, Clinical Trials, Coffee Extraction. Jan 24, 2020, Part 2

Science Friday

Science Friday and WNYC Studios

Life Sciences, Natural Sciences, Wnyc, Friday, Science

4.4 • 6.3K Ratings

🗓️ 24 January 2020

⏱️ 47 minutes

🧾️ Download transcript

Summary

Before any new drug comes to market, it goes through a time-consuming process. Researchers have to recruit human subjects for a clinical trial, collect all the data, and analyze the results. All of that can take years to complete, but the end result could be worth it: a drug that treats a rare disease or improves patients lives with fewer side effects.  Or the opposite could happen: The drug doesn’t have any effect or makes patients worse. So the question is, how is the public informed of the outcome? One answer is ClinicalTrials.gov, a public-facing website where researchers are required by law to register all currently ongoing clinical trials and report their results. That way, the public is kept informed. However, two recent investigations of ClinicalTrials.gov reporting practices show that many researchers aren’t posting their results online. In fact, up to 25% of studies never seem to have their results reported anywhere. And government agencies aren’t enforcing the rule in ways they’ve promised—with heavy fines and threats to withhold funding from institutions that don’t comply. In a delicate piece of shale from coastal China, paleontologists have identified a new species of feathered dinosaur: Wulong bohaiensis, Chinese for “Dancing Dragon.” The house cat-sized dino has fierce talons, feathered wings, and a long, whip-like tail with feathered plumes at the end. Ashley Poust, who published a description of the dinosaur in The Anatomical Record, says it’s “hard to imagine” the wings being used for flying. But he says the wings could have been used to arrest leaps or falls, or to hold down prey while killing it, as modern-day birds sometimes do. In this conversation with Ira, Poust talks more about the dino’s possible lifestyle, and how it fits in with other feathered reptiles. A cup of coffee first thing in the morning is a ritual—from grinding the beans to boiling the water and brewing your cup. But following those steps won’t always get you a consistent pour. Researchers developed a mathematical model to determine how the size of grind affects water flow and the amount of coffee that gets into the final liquid. Their results were published in the journal Matter. Computational chemist Christopher Hendon, who was an author on that study, talks about how understanding atomic vibration, particle size distribution, and water chemistry can help you brew the perfect cup of coffee.

Transcript

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0:00.0

This is Science Friday. I'm Irafledo. A bit later in the hour. What an investigation of the website

0:06.0

Clinical Trials.gov uncovered about drug trial reporting. But first, I'd like to introduce you to

0:13.0

the Dancing Dragon. It has vicious talons, feathered wings, and a whip-like twin-feathered

0:20.0

tail. And no, it is not a creature from Game of Thrones,

0:23.9

but a newly found dinosaur, a bird-like beast packed with feathers and claws and just about the size of a

0:30.4

house cat. Here to tell us more is Ashley Pousse, a researcher at the San Diego Natural History Museum in

0:37.4

California. Welcome to Science Friday, Dr. Poust. Thank you. the San Diego Natural History Museum in California.

0:38.3

Welcome to Science Friday, Dr. Poust.

0:40.3

Thank you.

0:41.3

It's really a pleasure to be here.

0:42.3

Does it have an official name?

0:43.3

It does, actually.

0:45.3

So Wulong Bohianza.

0:47.3

So the genus name really is Wulong, which is the Chinese words for dancing and dragon.

0:52.3

And we really got to that because of the pose of this animal.

0:55.1

It's a very small, active little dinosaur. So we wanted something that kind of reflected that.

1:00.6

Did you find it in a fossil in a certain pose? Yeah. So this is the type of dinosaur fossil that's

1:08.9

preserved relatively intact, which is a really sort of amazing thing and

1:12.1

a really real pleasure to get to work on. But the consequence of that is that they are twisted

1:16.4

into these positions that they assumed when they died or perhaps while they were

1:20.9

decomposing. And so this one has its head thrown back over its shoulders in a classic dinosaur

1:27.1

death pose and its arms,

...

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