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Only by the People's Republic of China, but also by the Russian Federation.

In that instance, it was an underwater hypersonic missile. We're told.

So we stand back and say, what does this mean for the capabilities of the US Navy, the US military, to defend the United States and its allies?

Jerry, I come to you because here to four, you have written co-gently about history for the Defense Department when it's challenged by a change in direction or a completely profound switch of technology.

You call it the Sputnik moment.

I don't know whether the hypersonic qualifies, so I'll just say, first, what was the Sputnik moment?

And what are the challenges that you see right now with hypersonic missiles? Good evening to you.

Good evening, John, and thank you for having me on again.

So the Sputnik moment was the event that occurred in October 1957 when the Soviet Union launched the world's first satellite, the Sputnik.

And they launched it on top of a Soviet R7 intercontinental ballistic missile.

And so the Sputnik satellite was not just a sign that we had entered the space age, but it was also a very clear demonstration that the Soviet Union had a working operational ICBM.

And that came as a shock to the greater part of the American nation.

There were people inside the government, including President Eisenhower and members of the intelligence community, that knew that this launch was coming.

But they had underestimated how the nation would react to this satellite circling the earth going beep, beep, beep every 84 minutes.

And it fundamentally changed the way that we look.

We suddenly realized our thought that the Soviet Union had a massive advantage over us.

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