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Welcome to A History of Europe, the interwar years.

This is part one of the Turkish National Struggle, 1919 to 1922.

Part one is entitled the Ottoman Empire and World War I.

In previous episodes, I have talked about how World War I did not finish neatly in November 1918 when the Germans and allies agreed

the armistice. In fact, intense fighting continued across most of Eastern Europe and also,

as we're talking about today, within the collapsing Ottoman Empire.

The Turkish National Struggle is the name of a series of conflicts which spun out from the First World War and lasted until 1922.

The battles and other events of this war determine the fate of the newborn Turkish Republic.

A large part of this was the Greco-Turkish War, a war between Greeks and Turkish nationalists.

But it wasn't just Greeks who the Turks fought, but several others, including Russians, Armenians, and French.

The conflict is also sometimes referred to as the Turkish War of Independence,

but to me seems not the best description as the Turks were not trying to achieve independence

from the Ottoman Empire, which they already controlled.

However, it's called it was very important in history,

not just for the tens of thousands of casualties, but because of the resulting massive displacement

of peoples, especially Greeks and Turks, and also for determining the final borders

...