Steve Rosenberg is the Chief of Surgery at the National Cancer Institute, a position he has held continuously for the past 47 years. Steve is a pioneer in the field of immunotherapies for cancer and a recipient of nearly every major award in science. In this episode, Steve discusses his inspiration for devoting his career to cancer research and describes his keen observation of two cases of spontaneous cancer remission, driving him to learn how to harness the immune system to treat cancer. Steve’s personal story essentially serves as a roadmap for the field of immunotherapy, from the very non-specific therapies such as interleukin-2, the discovery of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, checkpoint inhibitors, CAR T-cells, and adoptive cell therapy. Perhaps most importantly, Steve expresses his optimism for what lies ahead, especially in the face of some of the more recent discoveries with respect to tumor antigenicity. Finally, Steve discusses the human side of cancer which helps him to never lose sight of why he chose to become a physician.

We discuss:

• Steve’s childhood and inspiration to become a physician and medical researcher [3:15];
  
• Patients that influenced Steve’s thinking about cancer and altered the course of his career [13:15];
  
• The discovery of antigen presentation, Steve’s first job, and why he knew he wanted to study cancer [19:30];
  
• Cancer treatment in the early 1970’s and Steve’s intuition to utilize lymphocytes [26:45];
  
• Cancer cells versus non-cancer cells, and why metastatic cancer is so deadly [31:45];
  
• The problem with chemotherapy and promise of immunotherapy [38:30];
  
• How the immune system works and why it seems to allow cancer to proliferate [43:15];
  
• Steve discovers how to use interleukin-2 to mediate cancer regression [52:00];
  
• The immunogenic nature of certain cancers and the role of mutations in cancer [1:03:45];
  
• The improbable story of how CAR T cell therapy was developed [1:16:30];
  
• The discovery of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) and engineering of T cells to recognize specific antigens [1:28:00];
  
• Steve’s experience treating President Ronald Reagan’s colon cancer [1:36:00];
  
• Why Steve has turned down many tempting job offers to focus on his research at the National Cancer Institute [1:41:00];
  
• The role of checkpoint inhibitors in cancer therapy and the promise of adoptive cell therapy [1:43:00];
  
• Optimism for using immunotherapy to cure all cancers [1:48:00];
  
• The human side of cancer and the important lessons Peter learned from working with Steve [1:52:15]; and
  
• More

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