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Science Friday

Yeast Superbug, Dino Dinner, Toxic Algae. July 20, 2018, Part 1

Science Friday

Science Friday and WNYC Studios

Life Sciences, Natural Sciences, Wnyc, Friday, Science

4.4 • 6.3K Ratings

🗓️ 20 July 2018

⏱️ 47 minutes

🧾️ Download transcript

Summary

If you hear the word “superbug,” you’re likely to think about drug-resistant bacteria or even viruses. But in a case that’s been unfolding since 2009, a drug-resistant yeast is increasingly worrying epidemiologists. The yeast, Candida auris, has popped up in 27 countries so far, with 340 cases in the United States. It has a mortality rate of 60 percent. Unlike other kinds of fungal infection, C. auris seems able to hop from person to person and persists on sterile surfaces. Inconveniently, the yeast’s spores are unusually resilient against standard hospital cleaning solutions. On top of that, it’s already resistant to most of the anti-fungal drugs in existence—there weren’t many of those to being with. Science writer Maryn McKenna and CDC Chief of Mycotic Diseases Tom Chiller joins Ira to discuss the underestimated risks of fungi and how health systems can combat them. One-hundred fifty million years ago, long-necked sauropods roamed the planet munching on plants and trees. Some of the largest herbivorous dinosaurs could grow up to 115 feet and weigh 80 tons. A team of scientists wanted to see how much nutrition this vegetarian diet provided for the dinosaurs. The group grew horsetails, ginkgos, and other plants similar to Mesozoic vegetation under high levels of carbon dioxide to mimic the atmosphere of the era. Paleontologist Fiona Gill, who is an author on that study, talks about what we know about dinosaur digestion and how this could be used to model other ancient ecosystems. Mary Radabaugh peers over her mask at the toxic algae spread across Haney Creek off of the St. Lucie River in Florida. “You can see the flies that are on the top of it. They’re eating the rot so that’s like the sewage that is out there. You can see the big brown spots that look like sewage.” Here boats bob sadly in the blue-green algae that if ingested can cause nausea, diarrhea and vomiting and even can affect the liver and nervous system. But for Radabaugh that hardly is the worst of it, which is why she wears the paper mask over her mouth and nose. “The smell is comparable to a Port-O-Let that’s been sitting in the hot sun for about three months. It’s really probably the worst smell you’ve ever smelled.”  The toxic algae bloom is the worst in modern history here where the Indian River Lagoon, St. Lucie River and Atlantic Ocean converge. Some 160 billion gallons of polluted water have been flushed from a rain-swollen Lake Okeechobee to the area since January, triggering the widespread bloom that has prompted emergency declarations in three counties.

Transcript

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0:00.0

This is Science Friday. I'm Ira Flato. First, it was Diamond Rain on Uranus and Neptune.

0:06.6

And now scientists believe that our very own planet may be full of the very same gemstone.

0:12.2

And it's just a hunch, but they suspect that as much as 2% of the Earth is made up of diamonds.

0:19.7

So what makes them suspect our planets chock full of the sparkly stuff? Well, here to tell us that story, as well as other short subjects in science, is Ryan Mandelbaum, science writer for Cosmodo. Always good to see, Ryan. Yeah, always great, seeing you, Ira. How's everything going? Hey, so you know the song, the Earth moves under my feet? Well, there are diamonds under my feet? Maybe.

0:38.7

So what happened was there's these cores of continents called cratons, you know, the oldest part of our continents.

0:46.1

And sound waves moved too quickly through them.

0:48.3

And some scientists did some calculating, some lab experiments, and figured out that if the earth was both 50% of a of one

0:57.2

kind of rock and then 2% diamonds it would explain the sound waves moving too fast so it's a

1:02.5

hypothesis is what I'm going to say but it would be crazy of course do we know where they might

1:07.9

be so we can start looking for them? It would be like 100 miles underground.

1:13.1

And so, I mean, the issue is that, well, when the diamond ore comes to the surface of the earth, it doesn't contain 2% diamonds.

1:19.8

So the question is, okay, well, if they're there, where are the diamonds?

1:22.8

So, you know, like I said, a hypothesis, but people are looking and maybe.

1:27.5

Is there any way to follow up this with an experiment of something?

1:31.6

Well, unless you recreate the movie, The Core, it's going to be pretty hard.

1:36.0

But, I mean, there's just more modeling and more observations to be done.

1:39.8

I mean, with more science, hopefully they'll be able to find something out.

1:43.0

Would these be the same kinds of diamonds I'm getting at the jewelry store? They wouldn't be quite as pretty. They wouldn't be cut diamonds. No, but I guess diamonds are carbon, right? So I'm still carbon. And it would be crazy for the earth to have that much carbon underneath in the mantle like that. I mean, it would be important. Listen to this segue I'm going to do. Dark, black, diamond. Well, you know, carbon, there's a story you have about the black sarcophagus in Egypt. You really love this one, I know. I've been, if you are on Twitter today, you should look at the jokes that people are making. What happened was on July 1st, in Egypt, there was a sarcophagus found a 2,000-year-old sarcophagus in Alexandria, Egypt, and everybody thought this black granite thing might, you know, maybe it's curse, like, should we open the sarcophagus, and lest we unleash some crazy, you know, thing? But they opened it up yesterday, and it was not nearly as exciting.

2:35.4

It was three skeletons in a pool of red sewage.

2:41.6

Highly disappointing, I imagine.

2:43.6

Disappointing, but still scientifically interesting.

2:45.8

I mean, these skeletons are, again, they're 2,000 years old inside this sarcophagus.

...

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