Hi, this is Tom, and in this episode I'm going to be going through type 1 diabetes in children.

And you can find notes at 0.0.5.com and in the 0 to Finals Pediatrics book.

And you can find flashcards and questions at members.0.0.5.com. And we're going to go through

some questions at the end of this episode so you can test yourself on what you just heard. So let's

jump straight in. Type 1 diabetes is a condition where the pancreas stops producing adequate insulin. Without insulin,

the body's cells cannot absorb glucose from the blood and use it as fuel. The glucose level

in the blood keeps rising, resulting in hyperglycemia or a high glucose level.

Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune condition.

Specific genes and a positive family history increase the risk.

Viruses, for example, Coxsacky virus B, may be implicated in triggering the condition.

Patients with type 1 diabetes are more likely to develop autoimmune thyroid disease, celiac disease,

primary adrenal insufficiency, or Addison's disease, vitiligo and

pernicious anemia.

Let's talk about the presentation.

About 25 to 50% of new type 1 diabetic diabetic ketoacidosis, or DCA, which we're going to talk about

in much more detail shortly. The remaining pediatric patients present with the classic triad of

symptoms of hyperglycemia or a high blood glucose level.

And these symptoms are polyurea, which is excessive urination, polydipsia, which is excessive

thirst, and weight loss through dehydration.

Less typical presentations include secondary enuresis, which is bedwetting in a previously dry child,

and recurrent infections.

Let's start by talking about the physiology of glucose metabolism.

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