We’re told vitamins are essential for our health. That they boost our immune systems, fight fatigue, and protect us from disease. But what if most of it isn’t true? In the 20th century, vitamin supplements were hailed as a breakthrough, curing diseases like scurvy and rickets. But that success story took a turn. In the US, a law passed in 1994 — helped by a Hollywood ad campaign — removed almost all oversight from the supplement industry. Since then, a $40 billion business has grown in the shadows. One where marketing beats science, and health claims are made with barely any evidence. Dr. David Seres is Director of Medical Nutrition and a Professor at Columbia University’s Institute of Human Nutrition. David is known for calling out pseudoscience and misinformation, and promoting critical thinking and an evidence-based approach to health. For over 25 years, he’s worked as a physician nutrition specialist, caring for critically ill patients who rely on life-saving nutrition support. He received the Excellence in Nutrition Education Award from the American Society for Nutrition. On this episode, he helps us debunk the vitamin supplement industry. Unwrap the truth about your food 👉 ⁠Get the ZOE app  🌱 Try our new plant based wholefood supplement - Daily 30+ *Naturally high in copper which contributes to normal energy yielding metabolism and the normal function of the immune system Follow ZOE on Instagram. Timecodes: 00:00 The marketing trick vitamin companies use to fool you 02:03 Did Mel Gibson really help deregulate vitamins? 03:57 How vitamins went from miracle cures to a $40 billion industry 06:06 The shocking story of the anti-regulation ad that beat the Vietnam War 07:40 The legal loophole that lets supplements claim they 'support heart health' 08:38 Why supplements don't need the same proof as drugs 11:10 In the US, there is no one checking supplement claims 12:14 Can you just make up a health claim and sell a pill? 14:42 How companies twist 'petri dish' science to sell you products 16:40 The vitamin that unexpectedly increased cancer risk by 18% 18:41 An easy way to understand why most health studies are wrong 20:30 How a memory supplement company manipulated its own study for 7 years 22:50 The only type of study you should trust for health advice 26:31 Why does scientific advice on health keep changing? 30:25 The popular diet advice I used to give that was completely wrong 32:14 The only time you should be taking a vitamin supplement 33:40 Does vitamin C actually do anything for you? 34:37 The truth behind vitamin D 'insufficiency' 36:29 Can taking too much vitamin D be dangerous? 37:50 Do vitamins help even the most critically ill patients? 42:42 What about taking a multivitamin when you get older? 45:35 Are probiotics a waste of money? 48:25 What is the single best way to eat for your health? 51:12 Why we still don't have perfect evidence for the 'best' diet 52:57 The one thing you should do tomorrow for your health 📚Books by our ZOE Scientists The Food For Life Cookbook Every Body Should Know This by Dr Federica Amati Food For Life by Prof. Tim Spector Ferment by Prof. Tim Spector Free resources from ZOE Live Healthier: Top 10 Tips From ZOE Science & Nutrition Gut Guide - For a Healthier Microbiome in Weeks  Better Breakfast Guide Have feedback or a topic you'd like us to cover? Let us know here.