900 years ago, the young Hildegard of Bingen was given by her parents to the Catholic Church. She was literally “walled up” in a tiny convent, completely cut off from the outside world. But over the course of her long and varied life, she emerged from the walls to embrace the world. She founded her own convents and traveled across Europe on preaching tours. She spent decades caring for the sick and infirm, resulting in her seminal medical text that endured for centuries. She is also much celebrated today as a composer; she wrote hauntingly beautiful music that was rediscovered just 100 years ago. But she is perhaps most famous for her vivid and prophetic religious visions. She did what her visions told her to do, even if it meant defying the Pope himself. Guest Alice Chapman is Associate Professor of Medieval History in the History Department at Grand Valley State University, in Grand Rapids, Michigan. She is the author of Sacred Authority and Temporal Power in the Writings of Bernard of Clairvaux, and she has published articles focusing on the role of the papacy in disputes between ecclesiastical and royal power including “Disentangling Potestas in the Works of Bernard of Clairvaux,” and “Ideal and Reality: Images of a Bishop in Bernard of Clairvaux’s Advice to Eugenius III (r. 1145-53). She is also working on a second book project focused on the role of Christ as Physician (Christus medicus) in the Middle Ages. Music featured in this episode by Solis Camerata, Kira Zeeman Rugen, Makemi, and selections from “Hildegard of Bingen: Visions of the Trinity” at the St. Paul’s Forum Want to help us “make history”? Become a Patron or Donate here!   Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices