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slash UK slash AI for people. Welcome to the Scientific American podcast Science Talk posted on

October 8th, 2012. I'm Steve Murski. Just after 5.30 this morning, Eastern Time,

Gorin Hansen of the Karolinska Institute and the Nobel Committee for Physiology or Medicine,

stepped to the microphone in Stockholm.

The Nobel Assembly has concluded its meeting and made the decision. I will read the announcement. The Nobel

Assembly at Karolinska Institute has today decided to award the Nobel Prize in Physiology

or Medicine 2012, jointly to John B. Gurdon and Shinja Yamanaka

for the discovery that mature cells can be reprogrammed to become pluripotent.

And with that, I would like to ask Professor Thomas Perlman

of the Nobel Committee to present the science behind the prize.

John Gordon from Great Britain is a professor at the University of Cambridge and the Garden Institute. Shinya Yamanaka, born in Japan and a professor at Kyoto University.

This year's Nobel Prize awards the discovery that has changed the way

we understand how cells in the body become specialized and it has provided entirely new tools

for effective development of drugs and new therapies. A fertilized egg develops first into an embryo and then into an adult human with all its specialized cells such as muscles, nerves and skin.

As we all know, this process always moves in the same direction, from immature cells in the embryo to specialized cells in the adult.

A common metaphor for this process visualizes how cells move downhill in a landscape to

finally reach their destinations as specialized mature cells at the bottom of deep valleys.

...