Understanding the human body is a team effort. That's where the Yachtel group comes in.

Researchers at Yachtolt have been delving into the secrets of probiotics for 90 years.

Yacold also partners with nature portfolio to advance gut microbiome science through the global grants for gut health, an investigator-led research program.

To learn more about Yachtolt, visit yawcult.co.j.p.

That's y-A-K-U-L-T dot-C-O-J-P.

When it comes to a guide for your gut, count on YacLt.

This is Scientific Americans' 60-second science.

I'm Karen Hopkin.

Getting a vaccine can be a painful experience, especially when you're a kid.

But getting told the shot might hurt a bit could actually make it worse.

We know that expectation affects pain experience in adults, but we don't really know whether this is also true for children.

Kalina Mikalska, a developmental neuroscientist at the University of California, Riverside. She led a study to find out. The study included 25 adults

and 48 children, and 27 of the kids had a pre-existing anxiety disorder. Because medical procedures

make pretty much all kids anxious, but those who are anxious to start

with tend to find the experience even more painful. The researchers used a handheld wand to apply

heat to the forearm of each participant, and they asked subjects to rate the temperature in terms

of discomfort. The hottest setting was about the temperature of very warm tap water. Uncomfortable, perhaps, but not damaging.

But during the experiment, we were most interested in only one temperature, the one that each subject rated as medium.

And that's where the anticipation part of the experiment comes in.

Subjects were played one of two tones.

One tone meant that low heat was coming, the other meant that high heat was upcoming.

But here's the sneaky part.

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