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You've probably heard of Option and Carboy. By the 1980s, magazines like these had become prominent voices in Japanese car

culture, widely read, widely trusted, and nearly impossible to find a tuner who didn't have

a copy somewhere in their shop. But to understand how those magazines got there, you have to go back further.

Before option, before Carboy, before any of it, there were zines.

Independent, cheaply printed, passed around by hand.

Before the internet, in a period where car enthusiasts were scattered across Japan with no easy way to find each other,

these publications built a community from the ground up.

Motor magazine, monthly private cars, and motor fan dominated the market and made a name for themselves as the big three magazines of Japan's automotive world.

Their pages documented new car technology and racing results during a period when driving had become a national pastime.

But these magazines played it safe.

They barely touched what the smaller underground publications were doing,

a raw, up-close

look at what was actually happening on Japan's streets.

Things began to change in the mid-1970s as Japanese car culture continued to grow.

Smaller compact magazines started appearing in B-5 format, aimed at hobbyists rather than showroom

...