One of the shocking things, and it's not shocking, I'm sure it's not shocking to African-Americans.

So one of the things that struck me was when I went to Milwaukee, and I went to traditional black neighborhoods in almost every city, every city it was in Cleveland, Buffalo, Youngstown, Chicago.

I went to Gary, Indiana.

This wasn't confined to just Milwaukee, but it's Milwaukee

where I highlighted it. What's interesting about Milwaukee is almost every African-American

community in the north has migrated from the south. In Milwaukee, it's very explicit. It happened

basically starting in 1942. And so the entire African-American community basically came from Mississippi,

certain parts of Mississippi and Arkansas. So it's just really recent, by historical

standards, recent migration. And so they all came when they were 18 to 20 to 25 to get jobs

and to get away from the segregation of the South. And so I spent my time with a lot of

the elder people in the community. And I would ask them, basically listen to their stories and then

ask them, so is it better here or there? And the number of times I heard people simply say,

well, it's no different. I think one of the phrases was, it's just the same old thing

dressed up differently. That's not to downplay how bad it was in the South and the 40s. That's to say,

wow, if they can just simply say, well, it's bad now too, and not clearly simply say things have

gotten 55 billion times better, that's a condemnation of the system we have now that you can have people who are not going to explicitly say it was so much better now than it was in the South in the 50s.