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Here's Wikipedia's version, where you've got, you know,

on nucleus, we've got the neutrons and protons.

I was really nervous about the title of your talk yesterday.

Protons exists. You have your new... And then you have this kind of electron cloud, which we sort of draw as sort of a fuzzy cloud

that we have some 95% confidence that your electrons are within the circle that you draw.

So you have all this electron density around the nucleus.

And so there's a lot of ways to figure out chemical structure, but one of the easiest and most use when you can persuade your compound to be a crystalline solid. You can use something called x-ray diffraction. And a crystal, if you remember, has evenly spaced atoms or molecules within a geometric shape. Okay? It could be a rectangular prism or, you know, a little wobbled one way or the other.

But it's a regular array of your atoms or molecules.

And what you can do is take x-rays and shine them towards

your crystal, which you have epoxy, using epoxy that you get from lows, onto a little glass

fiber that you put on a thing that can move around, and you shoot x-rays at it. And what happens

is the x-rays will diffract off of your electron cloud, right?

And they'll hit a detector, it used to be photographic film, no, it spans here.

And it'll make a spot, right?

And so when your x-rays come and diffract, that's your signal that there's actually something there, right? There's some electron

density that your x-rays are diffracting off of. And it turns out that the intensity of that

diffraction tells you something about how much electron density is there, so it can tell you what

...