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slash UK slash AI for people. Welcome to Science Talk, the weekly podcast of Scientific American

posted on November 3, 2009. I'm Steve Murski. In this episode,

we'll talk some more about human evolution with John Hawks, a physical anthropologist from the

University of Wisconsin-Madison, and Graham Townsley, the producer of a three-part episode of the PBS

series Nova called Becoming Human. First up John Hawks, he studies the

bones and genes of ancient humans. He recently spoke at a meeting of the Council for the

Advancement of Science Writing in Austin, Texas. First, we'll hear a short clip from his talk about the

recent advent of the gene that allows humans to digest lactose.

It enabled us to get nutrition efficiently from milk.

Then we'll hear an interview with Hawks we did after his talk.

When you have a new mutation, one of the things about it is that it, if it is selected, increases extraordinarily slowly for a long time.

Our best estimate of the age of the lactase version of Europeans is about 8,000 years old.

Five thousand years ago, these early Neolithic skulls or skeletons, the ones that were genetically sampled, they don't have it.

It's not found in them.

So about 5,000 years ago, introduction of agriculture in the Europe is not there.

That's exactly what we expect.

It takes a long time for this to get to any substantial frequency.

...