Most people judge their decisions by how they turn out — but what if that's exactly backwards? World champion poker player Annie Duke argues that focusing on outcomes instead of process is one of our biggest decision-making mistakes. When outcomes cloud our judgment, we miss the chance to learn from what actually mattered: the quality of our thinking at the time we chose. Duke's new book How to Decide offers frameworks to break this pattern. Through strategies like pre-mortems (imagining why a decision might fail before making it) and backcasting (working backward from desired outcomes), she shows how to identify potential pitfalls and success pathways before they materialize. The conversation covers how uncertainty shapes every choice we make, why we need to separate luck from skill when evaluating results, and how small improvements in decision-making compound into significant long-term gains. Duke emphasizes that better decisions aren't about predicting the future perfectly — they're about acknowledging what we can't know and building that uncertainty into our process. Key Takeaways Understanding Uncertainty: Embrace uncertainty as a fundamental aspect of decision-making to improve outcomes. [00:02:13] Resulting and Hindsight Bias: Outcomes can cloud judgment; focus on the decision-making process itself. [00:05:02] Decision-Making Frameworks: Utilize strategic tools like pre-mortems and backcasting to identify potential success or failure pathways. [00:40:20] Power of Negative Thinking: Anticipating potential failures can cultivate better decision-making. [00:44:01] Luck vs. Skill: Recognize the roles of both in decision-making and their impact on life outcomes. [00:19:40] Aggregation of Marginal Gains: Small, incremental improvements in decision-making can lead to significant long-term benefits. [01:07:31] Timestamps [00:01:39] Introduction to Decision Making [00:02:13] The Case for Uncertainty [00:04:27] Resulting and Hindsight Bias [00:40:20] Decision-Making Frameworks [00:44:01] The Power of Negative Thinking [00:51:40] Connecting Decision-Making and Luck [00:58:09] Developing Decision-Making Skills [01:06:38] Conclusion and Resources Notable Quotes "Uncertainty should be front and center in your decision-making." [00:02:13] "Improved decisions arise from reflecting on our experiences." [00:05:02] "Effective decision tools help minimize bias." [00:32:58] "Quality decisions enhance both personal lives and society." [01:05:16] "Small improvements compound to significant benefits." [01:07:31] Resources How to Decide by Annie Duke [01:04:50] Thinking in Bets by Annie Duke [01:07:03] Alliance for Decision Education [01:06:22] Key Terminology Hindsight Bias [00:05:02]: The tendency to see events as having been predictable after they have already happened. Pre-mortem [00:44:10]: A strategy to consider potential reasons for a future failure before the decision is made. Backcasting [00:45:21]: A method of planning by looking backward from a desired future outcome to strategize the steps needed to reach that outcome. Aggregation of Marginal Gains [01:07:31]: The concept that small, incremental improvements can lead to significant overall progress.