Hello and welcome to a history of the United States.

Episode 68, Native Americans 8, the Sub-Arctic.

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Special thanks to our newest pioneers, listeners Jacqueline and Natalie.

Thanks guys. I couldn't do the show without you. I want to begin this week

with a quote from Alvin Josephi in his book, The Indian Heritage of America. Quote,

The broad sparsely populated expanse of woods, waterways, mountains, and treeless tundra, or barrens, that stretches across

North America, south of the Arctic, from interior Alaska and the Canadian Rockies to Labrador

and Newfoundland, has been termed the sub-arctic cultural area. Its native peoples lived in a hard, severe environment,

and their culture varying only slightly in different regions, and here and there,

from influences of neighbours in adjoining cultural areas, reflect the sternness of their existence.

Hudson Bay divides the subatic, tribes roughly into two major language families,

the Algonquians and the Athapascans.

The latter living across the vast country west of the bay,

named originally for a single band that dwelt in the vicinity of northwest Canada's Lake

Athabasca. Indians of the various Athabatian-speaking tribes live mostly in small, independent, hunting and fishing

groups, in the great basins of the Yukon and Mackenzie rivers, and in the valleys of other streams

that empty into the Arctic and Pacific Oceans, or the Gulf of Alaska. In Alaska and neighboring parts of Canada, their tribes include

the Athena on southeast Alaska's Copper River, Co-Eucon in the Yukon Basin in Alaska,

Kutchin, a group of tribes extending from Alaska's upper Yukon Valley across the central portion

...