Episode 147: Genetic Mutation and Repair

The Science of Everything Podcast

James Fodor

Natural Sciences, Science, Social Sciences

4.8 • 750 Ratings

🗓️ 31 August 2024

⏱️ 74 minutes

🔗️ Recording | iTunes | RSS

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Summary

Here we survey of the causes and consequences of genetic mutation, including a discussion of mechanisms of endogenous and induced mutations, rates of mutation, types of single nucleotide mutations, and the phenotypic effects of mutation. We also discuss various mechanisms for detecting and repairing genetic mutations, including base excision repair, DNA mismatch repair, nucleotide excision repair, double strand break repair. We conclude with an examination of large-scale chromosomal changes, including deletions, duplications, inversions, and translocations, unequal crossing over, with a brief look at polypoidy in plants and aneuploidy in humans. Recommended pre-listening is Episodes 34 and 35: DNA Structure and Function, and Episode 44: Cell Division. If you enjoyed the podcast please consider supporting the show by making a PayPal donation or becoming a Patreon supporter. https://www.patreon.com/jamesfodor https://www.paypal.me/ScienceofEverything

Transcript

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0:00.0	Oh, wow, oh, oh, wow, oh, wow, oh, wow.
0:13.0	Oh, wow.
0:15.0	Oh, wow. Hello, you're listening to the Science of Everything podcast, episode 147, genetic mutation and repair.
0:41.1	I'm your host, James Fodor.
0:43.3	Now, in this episode, what we're going to do is discuss how genes and genetic material become
0:49.1	mutated or changed over time and the various mechanisms that the body has developed to correct and repair those.
0:57.0	So specifically we're going to look at different types of mutations and their causes,
1:01.5	the effects that they have on DNA sequence, and then the various repair mechanisms that have been
1:07.3	developed. So we're going to talk about base excision repair, DNA mismatch
1:11.0	repair, nuclear tight excision repair, and double-strand brake repair, so four different
1:15.2	mechanisms. And we'll conclude by discussing large chromosomal changes. So these are sort of
1:21.1	bigger changes to the genome, including deletions, duplications, inversions, translocations, and unequal crossing over.
1:30.3	So, recommended pre-listing is episodes 34 and 35 when we looked at DNA structure and function.
1:35.6	That will be quite useful to understand the basics of DNA structure and function for this episode,
1:42.9	because we're going to be talking about quite a lot of
1:44.8	detail with regard to the kind of biochemistry and cellular biology of some aspects.
1:51.5	Another episode that will be helpful is episode 44 on cell division, particularly when we
1:56.1	discuss chromosomal changes, many of which relate to the processes of cell division.
2:02.1	So, without further ado, let's get started and begin by talking about types and causes of mutations,
2:07.8	and a natural point to start there is by asking what is a mutation?
2:13.3	So mutation is an alteration in the nucleic acid sequence of the genome of an organism.
2:18.3	So the genome is the set of all genetic material that an organism has.
	...

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