Oh, wow, oh, oh, wow, oh, wow, oh, wow.

Oh, wow.

Oh, my. Hello, you're listening to the Science of Everything podcast episode 143 climate models.

I'm your host, James Fodor. So in this episode, we are going to talk about modeling the climate

and particularly focusing on the types of climate models that are used to inform our estimates

about the magnitude of warming that will occur in response

to a particular amount of greenhouse gas emissions.

So this episode will build upon the discussion in the previous couple of episodes.

In particular, recommended pre-listening is the previous episode, 142, the greenhouse effect,

and the previous two episodes, a natural climate change and a history of Earth's climate,

those will provide some of the background relevant to what we're discussing here.

And in particular, in those episodes, I introduced the notion of climate sensitivity,

which is important to understanding the relevance of what we're discussing today.

So in this episode, we're going to talk about the different types of climate models and introduce

the primitive equations. I'll explain what those are in a little bit, which form the basis for

most climate models. We'll then talk about some of the various climate feedbacks that need

to be parameterized for the models,

including things like water vapor, the lapse rate, convection and ice albedo, some of which

we've mentioned in previous episodes, but we'll go over those again. We'll talk about the

role of the oceans, which are very important for understanding and modeling the climate. And

finally, we'll discuss model validation, which is how we establish the validity

and accuracy of climate models. And as part of that, address some of the criticisms that have

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