Hey, modern war listeners, this is Captain Jake Moraldi.

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Today on the podcast, we're talking to Dr. Benedetta Bertie.

Dr. Bertie is a foreign policy and security researcher, analyst, consultant, author, and lecturer.

Her work focuses on human security and international conflicts.

We'll talk to her about the rise of violent non-state actors, the conditions that cause them to arise, and what influence they'll have on military operations in the future.

The opinions expressed in this podcast are those of their respective participants and do not constitute the position of the United States government.

This is the Modern War Institute podcast.

Well, Dr. Bertie, welcome to the podcast today.

I appreciate you taking the time to talk to us.

Well, thank you.

I want to jump right in with a big sort of thematic question.

Most of the work that you do talks about non-state actors.

And what I want to ask right up front is, how do non-state actors, how do they come about?

Right.

Well, yeah, that is a pretty weighty question to start with, but let me, let me,

let me see what I can do in terms of summarizing, you know, years of research. But basically,

yes, my, my research interest starts from this really broad concept of non-state actors,

and more specifically I focus in on a specific subset non-state

...