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On a fall morning in 2021, a pediatric specialist stood in an examination room at a hospital in Boston, Massachusetts.

He stared down at his two-month-old patient, being careful to avoid eye contact with the baby's parents.

He knew how worried they were, and he felt guilty for what he was about to do.

The little boy had spent the past two days crying non-stop,

until he was so exhausted from the

screaming and whatever trauma was causing him such discomfort that he had finally passed out.

But now the specialist knew he had to wake the child up, but in the most painful way possible.

A nurse stepped up to the examination table and the specialist asked her to turn the sleeping boy onto his side and ball him up into a fetal position.

Then the specialist rubbed a bit of numbing cream on the baby's back and gave it a minute for the cream to activate.

He finally looked up at the baby's parents, assuring them that the procedure would only take a few moments.

When the mother nodded, the specialist removed a thin, hollow needle from its sanitary wrapping,

and attached it to a clean syringe. And then, slowly and carefully, he used that syringe,

and he pierced the baby's back right into the skin between the little boy's

vertebrae. Then immediately the child yelled out in pain and began crying all over again.

The specialist knew he had to act quickly, and so as carefully as he could, he began to withdraw

a yellow fluid from the baby's spine, pulling it back into the syringe. He wished there had been another way to figure out what was wrong with this infant,

but he'd run every test in the book and they had all come back normal.

So this was the last resort.

And so as the infant continued to scream,

the specialist just hoped that the lab results from this test

...