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Welcome to the Sunday edition of the Daily Stoke Podcast. My name is Ryan Holiday. Prove a decade.

I've been writing and thinking and talking about stoicism.

And so each Sunday now we're going to be rolling out a special episode that will be either me riffing on a number of topics.

Maybe me riffing or expanding on an article that I've written or deep diving into an idea that I think is important that I think you'll benefit from.

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For the Stoics, there's really sort of four tentpole values, sort of four bedrock ideas that the whole philosophy is built around.

And as it happens, these are the same ideas that Christianity is built around, that Aristotle's philosophy is built around. They call these the Cardinal virtues. And those four virtues are really straightforward.

It's courage, justice, moderation, and wisdom. We call them the four virtues at the Stoics because Cardinal has the sort of religious connotation for people. Actually, all Cardinal means that comes from the Latin word Cardos. And Cardos just means hinge.

So, the idea of these four virtues is that life hinges on courage and temperance and justice and wisdom. I think that's totally right. It's impossible to be a good person and have a good life if you're a coward, if you do the wrong thing regularly, if you're totally out of balance, and if you're stupid, if you're ignorant, if you're not pursuing wisdom.

And so, for the Stoics, life was about facing every situation, greeting every experience with one or four of those virtues. Courage, to me, is one of the most important.

There's that line in all the pretty horses. He says, the world wants to know if you have cajonas, if you're brave. And I think it's impossible to have a good life without bravery.

If you run from challenges, if you're afraid, if you don't believe in yourself, if you lack confidence, if you can't meet the blows that fortune, he's at US, as Senaqa says.

And so, this idea of courage, the courage of a lion, that's how the Stoics tended to represent it, it's just essential. And then this leads into the next virtue for them, the virtue of moderation.

You might think courage and moderation are opposites. It's actually Aristotle believe that courage was in the exact middle between cowardice on the one hand and recklessness on the other.

And so, this idea of balance, Marguerite Gossennor, in memoirs of Hadar, and she talks about how the Romans were poisoning themselves with excess.

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