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This is Scientific American 60-second science.

I'm Christine Herman.

Anyone who's ever been with a toddler can tell you,

if they're upset about something, they will let you know.

Scientists have been aware of this behavior, but what they did not know until now is that if babies as young as a year and a half old see someone else being treated unfairly,

they expect the leader, the parent or the caregiver in that situation, to step in and do something about it.

Babies evaluate others constantly. Reneeé Bayerjohn is a psychologist

at the University of Illinois. She led the research on babies expecting fairness. When these

transgressions occur, babies evaluate parents and other leaders and say, well, you saw this transgression.

You know this is not fair.

Are you going to do something about it?

If you don't, then you are shirking your responsibilities,

and it makes you less of a leader, less of a parent.

That's right. Babies are judging you.

Bayer-Jean says it seems babies are born with these

expectations of what a leader is and how they should behave. The work is in the proceedings of the

...