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Hello, and... Hello and welcome to the history of China.

Episode 300.2, and I think it's going to be a Qianlong time.

Where we turn now is to familiar territory for, at least most of us, the Jungar campaigns of the 1740s and 1750s that were the opening chapter of Chen Long's celebrated 10 great military

campaigns. His series of bold military expeditions that would

dramatically reshape Qing imperial territories and set the stage for the dynasty's dominance

across Eastern Eurasia. Since we have already looked at these with more detail, this is going

to be rather summative, but it would feel very awkward indeed if I

tried to bypass them without any comment whatsoever. At the heart of these campaigns was, of course,

the Jungar Khanate, the confederation of Uyrat Mongols that had risen as a powerful and independent

force in the Western steppes, and covered a vast swath of what are today parts of Mongolia,

Kazakhstan, and even Siberia.

The Qianlong Emperor's decision to confront the Jhengars was shaped by both security concerns

and a grander vision of his own universal sovereignty, a Qing empire stretching far beyond

...