Understanding how brains produce consciousness is one of the great scientific challenges of our age. Some philosophers argue that consciousness is something “extra,” beyond the physical workings of the brain. Others think that if we persist in our standard scientific methods, our questions about consciousness will eventually be answered. And some even suggest that the mystery is so deep, it will never be solved. Decades have been spent trying to explain consciousness from within our current scientific paradigm, but little progress has been made.

Now, Philip Goff offers an exciting alternative that could pave the way forward. Rooted in an analysis of the philosophical underpinnings of modern science and based on the early twentieth-century work of Arthur Eddington and Bertrand Russell, Goff makes the case for panpsychism, a theory which posits that consciousness is not confined to biological entities but is a fundamental feature of all physical matter — from subatomic particles to the human brain. In Galileo’s Error, he has provided the first step on a new path to the final theory of human consciousness. Shermer and Goff discuss:

• the problem Galileo’s approach to science solved,
• Galileo’s error in solving the consciousness problem, that is the qualitative,
• Dualism, Monism, Panpsychism,
• Material Monism, Mind Monism, and Idealism,
• hard problem of consciousness defined,
• how consciousness is at the bottom of reality,
• why science cannot discover the ultimate nature of reality,
• Model Dependent Realism, philosophy, and science,
• Arthur Stanley Eddington and Bertrand Russell build panpsychism back into science,
• philosophical zombies and the “other minds problem,”
• free will, determinism, compatibilism, and panpsychism,
• objective moral values and science,
• fine tuning and the multiverse, and
• implications of panpsychism for attitudes toward nature and the meaning of life.

Philip Goff is a philosopher who teaches at Durham University. He is the author of Consciousness and Fundamental Reality and has published more than 40 academic papers. His writing has also appeared in many newspapers and magazines, including The Guardian and The Times Literary Supplement, and he has guest-edited an issue of Philosophy Now. He lives in Durham, England.