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The Michael Shermer Show

13. Dr. Walter Scheidel — The Great Leveler: Violence and the History of Inequality from the Stone Age to the 21st Century

The Michael Shermer Show

Michael Shermer

Science, Natural Sciences

4.31K Ratings

🗓️ 11 June 2017

⏱️ 58 minutes

🧾️ Download transcript

Summary

Are mass violence and catastrophes the only forces that can seriously decrease economic inequality? To judge by thousands of years of history, the answer is yes. Tracing the global history of inequality from the Stone Age to today, the Stanford University historian Walter Scheidel shows that inequality never dies peacefully. Inequality declines when carnage and disaster strike and increases when peace and stability return. The Great Leveler is the first book to chart the crucial role of violent shocks in reducing inequality over the full sweep of human history around the world.

Ever since humans began to farm, herd livestock, and pass on their assets to future generations, economic inequality has been a defining feature of civilization. Over thousands of years, only violent events have significantly lessened inequality. The "Four Horsemen" of leveling—mass-mobilization warfare, transformative revolutions, state collapse, and catastrophic plagues—have repeatedly destroyed the fortunes of the rich. Scheidel identifies and examines these processes, from the crises of the earliest civilizations to the cataclysmic world wars and communist revolutions of the twentieth century. Today, the violence that reduced inequality in the past seems to have diminished, and that is a good thing. But it casts serious doubt on the prospects for a more equal future.

An essential contribution to the debate about inequality, The Great Leveler provides important new insights about why inequality is so persistent—and why it is unlikely to decline anytime soon.

 

Transcript

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0:00.0

This is your host, Michael Sherman, and you're listening to Science Salon, a series of conversations

0:10.4

with leading scientists, scholars, and thinkers about the most important issues of our time.

0:17.0

I guess by way of background I've just kind of self-trained in economics, never had any college

0:25.0

courses, but I've taken all the teaching company courses in economics and I've been reading economics

0:28.6

books for decades. Not that I'm that interested in it, but I really think it's probably one of the most important subjects to understand how the world really works.

0:37.0

And I don't remember seeing the subject of income inequality for all these decades until the meltdown really tell like

0:44.0

08-09 when all of a sudden it became an interest of subjects to everyone

0:48.2

topic of interest to everyone including economists so is is that what kind of triggered

0:53.2

you're thinking about maybe addressing

0:55.9

this what has become an important topic

0:58.5

from your more specific research?

1:00.4

That's true.

1:01.1

I'd long been interested in issues of income and wealth inequality, but in past societies.

1:05.6

And it was only really about, as you say, 10 years ago when I encountered especially Pickett's work before his big book came out his early articles and Emmanuel Zayais's work, his collaborators,

1:16.7

that I got the idea well maybe there is a template, there's a model here that can be applied to

1:21.6

history more generally.

1:23.0

And pick it look at 200 years,

1:24.8

which for an economist, that's a really long period of time, right?

1:28.2

But I'm used to working on material that comes from several thousand years ago.

1:32.1

And so I thought, well well maybe it is possible to if you

1:35.4

serve at a full run of human history to find some patterns that repeat themselves over time and

1:41.3

that that hunch that intuition turned out to be true.

...

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