SANS Internet Stormcenter Daily Cyber Security Podcast (Stormcast)

AI and Faster Attack Analysis A few use cases for LLMs to speed up analysis https://isc.sans.edu/diary/AI%20and%20Faster%20Attack%20Analysis%20%5BGuest%20Diary%5D/32198 Proxyware Malware Being Distributed on YouTube Video Download Site Popular YouTube download sites will attempt to infect users with proxyware. https://asec.ahnlab.com/en/89574/ Xerox Freeflow Core Vulnerability Horizon3.ai discovered XXE Injection (CVE-2025-8355) and Path Traversal (CVE-2025-8356) vulnerabilities in Xerox FreeFlow Core, a print orchestration platform. These vulnerabilities are easily exploitable and enable unauthenticated remote attackers to achieve remote code execution on vulnerable FreeFlow Core instances. https://horizon3.ai/attack-research/attack-blogs/from-support-ticket-to-zero-day/ SANS.edu Research: Darren Carstensen Evaluating Zero Trust Network Access: A Framework for Comparative Security Testing Not all Zero Trust Network Access (ZTNA) solutions are created equal, and despite bold marketing claims, many fall short of delivering proper Zero Trust security. https://www.sans.edu/cyber-research/evaluating-zero-trust-network-access-framework-comparative-security-testing/

Transcribed - Published: 15 August 2025

CVE-2017-11882 Will Never Die The (very) old equation editor vulnerability is still being exploited, as this recent sample analyzed by Xavier shows. The payload of the Excel file attempts to download and execute an infostealer to exfiltrate passwords via email. https://isc.sans.edu/diary/CVE-2017-11882%20Will%20Never%20Die/32196 Windows Kerberos Elevation of Privilege Vulnerability Yesterday, Microsoft released a patch for a vulnerability that had already been made public. This vulnerability refers to the privilege escalation taking advantage of a path traversal issue in Windows Kerberos affecting Exchange Server in hybrid mode. https://msrc.microsoft.com/update-guide/vulnerability/CVE-2025-53779 Persistent Risk: XZ Utils Backdoor Still Lurking in Docker Images Some old Debian Docker images containing the xz-utils backdoor are still available for download from Docker Hub via the official Debian account. https://www.binarly.io/blog/persistent-risk-xz-utils-backdoor-still-lurking-in-docker-images FortiSIEM / FortiWeb Vulnerablities Fortinet patched already exploited vulnerabilities in FortiWeb and FortiSIEM https://fortiguard.fortinet.com/psirt/FG-IR-25-152 https://fortiguard.fortinet.com/psirt/FG-IR-25-448

Transcribed - Published: 14 August 2025

Microsoft Patch Tuesday https://isc.sans.edu/diary/Microsoft%20August%202025%20Patch%20Tuesday/32192 https://cymulate.com/blog/zero-click-one-ntlm-microsoft-security-patch-bypass-cve-2025-50154/ libarchive Vulnerability A libarchive vulnerability patched in June was upgraded from a low CVSS score to a critical one. Libarchive is used by compression software across various operating systems, making this a difficult vulnerability to patch https://www.freebsd.org/security/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-25:07.libarchive.asc Adobe Patches Adobe released patches for 13 different products. https://helpx.adobe.com/security/Home.html

Transcribed - Published: 13 August 2025

Erlang OTP SSH Exploits A recently patched and easily exploited vulnerability in Erlang/OTP SSH is being exploited. Palo Alto collected some of the details about this exploit activity that they observed. https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/erlang-otp-cve-2025-32433/ WinRAR Exploited WinRAR vulnerabilities are actively being exploited by a number of threat actors. The vulnerability allows for the creation of arbitrary files as the archive is extracted. https://thehackernews.com/2025/08/winrar-zero-day-under-active.html Citrix Netscaler Exploit Updates The Dutch Center for Cyber Security is updating its guidance on recent Citrix Netscaler attacks. Note that the attacks started before a patch became available, and attackers are actively hiding their tracks to make it more difficult to detect a compromise. https://www.ncsc.nl/actueel/nieuws/2025/07/22/casus-citrix-kwetsbaarheid https://www.bleepingcomputer.com/news/security/netherlands-citrix-netscaler-flaw-cve-2025-6543-exploited-to-breach-orgs/ OpenSSH Post Quantum Encryption Starting in version 10.1, OpenSSH will warn users if they are using quantum-unsafe algorithms https://www.openssh.com/pq.html

Transcribed - Published: 12 August 2025

Google Paid Ads for Fake Tesla Websites Someone is setting up fake Tesla lookalike websites that attempt to collect credit card data from unsuspecting users trying to preorder Tesla products. https://isc.sans.edu/diary/Google%20Paid%20Ads%20for%20Fake%20Tesla%20Websites/32186 Compromising USB Devices for Persistent Stealthy Access USB devices, like Linux-based web cams, can be compromised to emulate malicious USB devices like keyboards that inject malicious commands. https://eclypsium.com/blog/badcam-now-weaponizing-linux-webcams/ Win-DoS Epidemic: A crash course in abusing RPC for Win-DoS & Win-DDoS Internet-exposed DCs can be used in very powerful DoS attacks. https://defcon.org/html/defcon-33/dc-33-speakers.html#content_60389

Transcribed - Published: 11 August 2025

Mass Internet Scanning from ASN 43350 Our undergraduate intern Duncan Woosley wrote up aggressive scans from ASN 43350 https://isc.sans.edu/diary/Mass+Internet+Scanning+from+ASN+43350+Guest+Diary/32180/#comments HTTP/1.1 Desync Attacks Portswigger released details about new types of HTTP/1.1 desync attacks it uncovered. These attacks are particularly critical for organizations using middleboxes to translate from HTTP/2 to HTTP/1.1 https://portswigger.net/research/http1-must-die Microsoft Warns of Exchange Server Vulnerability An attacker with admin access to an Exchange Server in a hybrid configuration can use this vulnerability to gain full domain access. The issue is mitigated by an April hotfix, but was not noted in the release of the April Hotfix. https://msrc.microsoft.com/update-guide/vulnerability/CVE-2025-53786 Sonicwall Update Sonicwall no longer believes that a new vulnerability was used in recent compromises https://www.sonicwall.com/support/notices/gen-7-and-newer-sonicwall-firewalls-sslvpn-recent-threat-activity/250804095336430 SANS.edu Research: Wellington Rampazo, Shift Left the Awareness and Detection of Developers Using Vulnerable Open-Source Software Components https://www.sans.edu/cyber-research/shift-left-awareness-detection-developers-using-vulnerable-open-source-software-components/

Transcribed - Published: 8 August 2025

Do Sextortion Scams Still Work in 2025? Jan looked at recent sextortion emails to check if any of the crypto addresses in these emails received deposits. Sadly, some did, so these scams still work. https://isc.sans.edu/diary/Do%20sextortion%20scams%20still%20work%20in%202025%3F/32178 Akira Ransomware Group s use of Drivers Guidepoint Security observed the Akira ransomware group using specific legitimate drivers for privilege escalation https://www.guidepointsecurity.com/blog/gritrep-akira-sonicwall/ Adobe Patches Critical Experience Manager Vulnerability Adobe released emergency patches for a vulnerability in Adobe Experience Manager after a PoC exploit was made public. https://slcyber.io/assetnote-security-research-center/struts-devmode-in-2025-critical-pre-auth-vulnerabilities-in-adobe-experience-manager-forms/ https://helpx.adobe.com/security/products/aem-forms/apsb25-82.html Trend Micro Apex One Vulnerability Trend Micro released an emergency patch for an actively exploited pre-authentication remote code execution vulnerability in the Apex One management console. https://success.trendmicro.com/en-US/solution/KA-0020652

Transcribed - Published: 7 August 2025

Daily 5 min cyber security news summary. News, patches, vulnerabilities and trends in information and network security. SANS Stormcast Wednesday, August 6th, 2025: Machinekeys and VIEWSTATEs; Perplexity Unethical Learning; SonicWall Updates

Transcribed - Published: 6 August 2025

Daily Trends Report A new trends report will bring you daily data highlights via e-mail. https://isc.sans.edu/diary/New%20Feature%3A%20Daily%20Trends%20Report/32170 NVidia Triton RCE Wiz found an interesting information leakage vulnerability in NVidia s Triton servers that can be leveraged to remote code execution. https://www.wiz.io/blog/nvidia-triton-cve-2025-23319-vuln-chain-to-ai-server Cursor AI MCP Vulnerability An attacker could abuse negligent Cursor MCP configurations to implement backdoors into developer machines. https://www.aim.security/lp/aim-labs-curxecute-blogpost

Transcribed - Published: 5 August 2025

Scans for pop3user with guessable password A particular IP assigned to a network that calls itself Unmanaged has been scanning telnet/ssh for a user called pop3user with passwords pop3user or 123456 . I assume they are looking for legacy systems that either currently run pop3 or ran pop3 in the past, and left the user enabled. https://isc.sans.edu/diary/Legacy%20May%20Kill/32166 Possible Sonicwall SSL VPN 0-Day Arcticwolf observed compromised Sonicwall SSL VPN devices used by the Akira group to install ransomware. These devices were fully patched, and credentials were recently rotated. https://arcticwolf.com/resources/blog/arctic-wolf-observes-july-2025-uptick-in-akira-ransomware-activity-targeting-sonicwall-ssl-vpn/ PAM Based Linux Backdoor For over a year, attackers have used a PAM-based Linux backdoor that so far has gotten little attention from anti-malware vendors. PAM-based backdoors can be stealthy, and this one in particular includes various anti-forensics tricks. https://www.nextron-systems.com/2025/08/01/plague-a-newly-discovered-pam-based-backdoor-for-linux/

Transcribed - Published: 4 August 2025

Scattered Spider Related Domain Names A quick demo of our domain feeds and how they can be used to find Scattered Spider related domains https://isc.sans.edu/diary/Scattered+Spider+Related+Domain+Names/32162 Excel External Workbook Links to Blocked File Types Will Be Disabled by Default Excel will discontinue allowing links to dangerous file types starting as early as October. https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/topic/external-workbook-links-to-blocked-file-types-will-be-disabled-by-default-6dd12903-0592-463d-9e68-0741cf62ee58 CISA Releases Thorium CISA announced that it released its malware analysis platform, Thorium, as open-source software. https://www.cisa.gov/news-events/alerts/2025/07/31/thorium-platform-public-availability

Transcribed - Published: 1 August 2025

Securing Firebase: Lessons Re-Learned from the Tea Breach Inspried by the breach of the Tea app, Brendon Evans recorded a video to inform of Firebase security issues https://isc.sans.edu/diary/Securing%20Firebase%3A%20Lessons%20Re-Learned%20from%20the%20Tea%20Breach/32158 WebKit Vulnerability Exploited before Apple Patch A WebKit vulnerablity patched by Apple yesterday has already been exploited in Google Chrome. Google noted the exploit with its patch for the same vulnerability in Chrome. https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-6558 Scattered Spider Update CISA released an update for its report on Scattered Spider, noting that the group also calls helpdesks impersonating users, not just the other way around. https://www.cisa.gov/news-events/cybersecurity-advisories/aa23-320a

Transcribed - Published: 31 July 2025

Apple Updates Everything: July 2025 Edition Apple released updates for all of its operating systems patching 89 different vulnerabilities. Many vulnerabilities apply to multiple operating systems. https://isc.sans.edu/diary/Apple%20Updates%20Everything%3A%20July%202025/32154 Python Triage A quick python script by Xavier to efficiently search through files, even compressed once, for indicators of compromise. https://isc.sans.edu/diary/Triage+is+Key+Python+to+the+Rescue/32152/ PaperCut Attacks CISA added a 2024 Papercut vulnerability to the known exploited vulnerability list. https://www.cisa.gov/news-events/alerts/2025/07/28/cisa-adds-three-known-exploited-vulnerabilities-catalog

Transcribed - Published: 30 July 2025

Parasitic SharePoint Exploits We are seeing attacks against SharePoint itself and attempts to exploit backdoors left behind by attackers. https://isc.sans.edu/diary/Parasitic%20Sharepoint%20Exploits/32148 Cisco ISE Vulnerability Exploited A recently patched vulnerability in Cisco ISE is now being exploited. The Zero Day Initiative has released a blog detailing the exploit chain to obtain code execution as an unauthenticated user. https://www.zerodayinitiative.com/blog/2025/7/24/cve-2025-20281-cisco-ise-api-unauthenticated-remote-code-execution-vulnerability MyAsus Vulnerablity The MyAsus tool does not store its access tokens correctly, potentially providing an attacker with access to sensitive functions https://www.asus.com/content/security-advisory/

Transcribed - Published: 29 July 2025

Linux Namespaces Linux namespaces can be used to control networking features on a process-by-process basis. This is useful when trying to present a different network environment to a process being analysed. https://isc.sans.edu/diary/Sinkholing%20Suspicious%20Scripts%20or%20Executables%20on%20Linux/32144 Coyote in the Wild: First-Ever Malware That Abuses UI Automation Akamai identified malware that takes advantage of Microsoft s UI Automation Framework to programatically interact with the user s system and steal credentials. https://www.akamai.com/blog/security-research/active-exploitation-coyote-malware-first-ui-automation-abuse-in-the-wild Testing REST APIs with Autoswagger The tool Autoswagger can be used to automate the testing of REST APIs following the OpenAPI/Swagger standard. https://github.com/intruder-io/autoswagger/

Transcribed - Published: 28 July 2025

New File Integrity Tool: ficheck.py Jim created a new tool, ficheck.py, that can be used to verify file integrity. It is a drop-in replacement for an older tool, fcheck, which was written in Perl and no longer functions well on modern Linux distributions. https://isc.sans.edu/diary/New%20Tool%3A%20ficheck.py/32136 Mitel Vulnerability Mitel released a patch for a vulnerability in its MX-ONE product. The authentication bypass could provide an attacker with user or even admin privileges. https://www.mitel.com/support/security-advisories/mitel-product-security-advisory-misa-2025-0009 SonicWall SMA 100 Vulnerability SonicWall fixed an arbitrary file upload issue in its SMA 100 series firewalls. But exploitation will require credentials. https://psirt.global.sonicwall.com/vuln-detail/SNWLID-2025-0014

Transcribed - Published: 25 July 2025

Reversing SharePoint Toolshell Exploits CVE-2025-53770 and CVE-2025-53771 A quick walk-through showing how to decode the payload of recent SharePoint exploits https://isc.sans.edu/diary/Analyzing%20Sharepoint%20Exploits%20%28CVE-2025-53770%2C%20CVE-2025-53771%29/32138 Compromised JavaScript NPM is Package The popular npm package is was compromised by malware. Luckily, the malicious code was found quickly, and it was reversed after about five hours. https://socket.dev/blog/npm-is-package-hijacked-in-expanding-supply-chain-attack Microsoft Quick Machine Recovery Microsoft added a new quick machine recovery feature to Windows 11. If the system is stuck in a reboot loop, it will boot to a rescue partition and attempt to find fixes from Microsoft. https://learn.microsoft.com/en-gb/windows/configuration/quick-machine-recovery/?tabs=intune

Transcribed - Published: 24 July 2025

Microsoft Updates SharePoint Vulnerability Guidance CVE-2025-53770 and CVE-2025-53771 Microsoft released its update for SharePoint 2016, completing the updates across all currently supported versions. https://msrc.microsoft.com/blog/2025/07/customer-guidance-for-sharepoint-vulnerability-cve-2025-53770/ WinZip MotW Privacy Starting with version 7.10, WinZip introduced an option to no longer include the download URL in zip files as part of the Mark of the Web (MotW). https://isc.sans.edu/diary/WinRAR%20MoTW%20Propagation%20Privacy/32130 Interlock Ransomware Several government agencies collaborated to create an informative and comprehensive overview of the Interlock ransomware. Just like prior writeups, this writeup is very informative, including many technical details useful to detect and block this ransomware. https://www.cisa.gov/news-events/cybersecurity-advisories/aa25-203a Sophos Firewall Updates Sophos patched five different vulnerabilities in its firewalls. Two of them are critical, but these only affect a small percentage of users. https://www.sophos.com/en-us/security-advisories/sophos-sa-20250721-sfos-rce

Transcribed - Published: 23 July 2025

Microsoft Released Patches for SharePoint Vulnerability CVE-2025-53770 CVE-2025-53771 Microsoft released a patch for the currently exploited SharePoint vulnerability. It also added a second CVE number identifying the authentication bypass vulnerability. https://msrc.microsoft.com/blog/2025/07/customer-guidance-for-sharepoint-vulnerability-cve-2025-53770/ How Quickly Are Systems Patched? Jan took Shodan data to check how quickly recent vulnerabilities were patched. The quick answer: Not fast enough. https://isc.sans.edu/diary/How%20quickly%20do%20we%20patch%3F%20A%20quick%20look%20from%20the%20global%20viewpoint/32126 HP Enterprise Instant On Access Points Vulnerability HPE patched two vulnerabilities in its Instant On access points (aka Aruba). One allows for authentication bypass, while the second one enables arbitrary code execution as admin. https://support.hpe.com/hpesc/public/docDisplay?docId=hpesbnw04894en_us Revealing the AppLocker Bypass Risks in The Suggested Block-list Policy AppLocker sample policies suffer from a simple bug that may enable some rule bypass, but only if signatures are not enforced. While reviewing Microsoft s suggested configuration, Varonis Threat Labs noticed a subtle but important issue: the MaximumFileVersion field was set to 65355 instead of the expected 65535. https://www.varonis.com/blog/applocker-bypass-risks Ghost Crypt Malware Leverages Zoho WorkDrive The Ghost malware tricks users into downloading by sending links to Zoho WorkDrive locations. https://www.esentire.com/blog/ghost-crypt-powers-purerat-with-hypnosis

Transcribed - Published: 22 July 2025

SharePoint Servers Exploited via 0-day CVE-2025-53770 Late last week, CodeWhite found a new remote code execution exploit against SharePoint. This vulnerability is now actively exploited. https://isc.sans.edu/diary/Critical+Sharepoint+0Day+Vulnerablity+Exploited+CVE202553770+ToolShell/32122/ Veeam Voicemail Phishing Attackers appear to impersonate VEEAM in recent voicemail-themed phishing attempts. https://isc.sans.edu/diary/Veeam%20Phishing%20via%20Wav%20File/32120 Passkey Phishing Attack A currently active phishing attack takes advantage of the ability to use QR codes to complete the Passkey login procedure https://expel.com/blog/poisonseed-downgrading-fido-key-authentications-to-fetch-user-accounts/

Transcribed - Published: 21 July 2025

Hiding Payloads in Linux Extended File Attributes Xavier today looked at ways to hide payloads on Linux, similar to how alternate data streams are used on Windows. Turns out that extended file attributes do the trick, and he presents some scripts to either hide data or find hidden data. https://isc.sans.edu/diary/Hiding%20Payloads%20in%20Linux%20Extended%20File%20Attributes/32116 Cisco Patches Critical Identity Services Engine Flaw CVE-2025-20281, CVE-2025-20337, CVE-2025-20282 An unauthenticated user may execute arbitrary code as root across the network due to improperly validated data in Cisco s Identity Services Engine. https://sec.cloudapps.cisco.com/security/center/content/CiscoSecurityAdvisory/cisco-sa-ise-unauth-rce-ZAd2GnJ6 Oracle Critical Patch Update Oracle patched 309 flaws across 111 products. 9 of these vulnerabilities have a critical CVSS score of 9.0 or higher. https://www.oracle.com/security-alerts/cpujul2025.html Broadcom releases VMware Updates Broadcom fixed a number of vulnerabilities for ESXi, Workstation, Fusion, and Tools. https://support.broadcom.com/web/ecx/support-content-notification/-/external/content/SecurityAdvisories/0/35877

Transcribed - Published: 18 July 2025

More Free File Sharing Services Abuse The free file-sharing service catbox.moe is abused by malware. While it officially claims not to allow hosting of executables, it only checks extensions and is easily abused https://isc.sans.edu/diary/More%20Free%20File%20Sharing%20Services%20Abuse/32112 Ongoing SonicWall Secure Mobile Access (SMA) Exploitation Campaign using the OVERSTEP Backdoor A group Google identifies as UNC6148 is exploiting the Sonicwall SMA 100 series appliance. The devices are end of life, but even fully patched devices are exploited. Google assumes that these devices are compromised because credentials were leaked during prior attacks. The attacker installs the OVERSTEP backdoor after compromising the device. https://cloud.google.com/blog/topics/threat-intelligence/sonicwall-secure-mobile-access-exploitation-overstep-backdoor Weaponizing Trust in File Rendering Pipelines RenderShock is a comprehensive zero-click attack strategy that targets passive file preview, indexing, and automation behaviours in modern operating systems and enterprise environments. It leverages built-in trust mechanisms and background processing in file systems, email clients, antivirus tools, and graphical user interfaces to deliver payloads without requiring any user interaction. https://www.cyfirma.com/research/rendershock-weaponizing-trust-in-file-rendering-pipelines/

Transcribed - Published: 17 July 2025

Keylogger Data Stored in an ADS Xavier came across a keystroke logger that stores data in alternate data streams. The data includes keystroke logs as well as clipboard data https://isc.sans.edu/diary/Keylogger%20Data%20Stored%20in%20an%20ADS/32108 Malvertising Homebrew An attacker has been attempting to trick users into installing a malicious version of Homebrew. The fake software is advertised via paid Google ads and directs users to the attacker s GitHub repo. https://medium.com/deriv-tech/brewing-trouble-dissecting-a-macos-malware-campaign-90c2c24de5dc CVE-2025-5333: Remote Code Execution in Broadcom Altiris IRM LRQA have discovered a critical unauthenticated remote code execution (RCE) vulnerability in the Broadcom Symantec Altiris Inventory Rule Management (IRM) component of Symantec Endpoint Management. https://www.lrqa.com/en/cyber-labs/remote-code-execution-in-broadcom-altiris-irm/ Code highlighting with Cursor AI for $500,000 A syntax highlighting extension for Cursor AI was used to compromise a developer s workstation and steal $500,000 in cryptocurrency. https://securelist.com/open-source-package-for-cursor-ai-turned-into-a-crypto-heist/116908/

Transcribed - Published: 16 July 2025

DShield Honeypot Log Volume Increase Within the last few months, there has been a dramatic increase in honeypot log volumes and how often these high volumes are seen. This has not just been from Jesse s residential honeypot, which has historically seen higher log volumes, but from all of the honeypots that Jesse runs. https://isc.sans.edu/diary/DShield+Honeypot+Log+Volume+Increase/32100 Google and Microsoft Trusted Them. 2.3 Million Users Installed Them. They Were Malware. Koi Security s investigation of a single verified color picker exposed a coordinated campaign of 18 malicious extensions that infected a massive 2.3 million users across Chrome and Edge. https://blog.koi.security/google-and-microsoft-trusted-them-2-3-million-users-installed-them-they-were-malware-fb4ed4f40ff5 RDP Forensics Comprehensive overview of Windows RDP Forensics https://medium.com/@mathias.fuchs/chasing-ghosts-over-rdp-lateral-movement-in-tiny-bitmaps-328d2babd8ec

Transcribed - Published: 15 July 2025

Experimental Suspicious Domain Feed Our new experimental suspicious domain feed uses various criteria to identify domains that may be used for phishing or other malicious purposes. https://isc.sans.edu/diary/Experimental%20Suspicious%20Domain%20Feed/32102 Wing FTP Server RCE Vulnerability Exploited CVE-2025-47812 Huntress saw active exploitation of Wing FTP Server remote code execution (CVE-2025-47812) on a customer on July 1, 2025. Organizations running Wing FTP Server should update to the fixed version, version 7.4.4, as soon as possible. https://www.huntress.com/blog/wing-ftp-server-remote-code-execution-cve-2025-47812-exploited-in-wild https://www.rcesecurity.com/2025/06/what-the-null-wing-ftp-server-rce-cve-2025-47812/ FortiWeb Pre-Auth RCE (CVE-2025-25257) An exploit for the FortiWeb RCE Vulnerability is now available and is being used in the wild. https://pwner.gg/blog/2025-07-10-fortiweb-fabric-rce NVIDIA Vulnerable to Rowhammer NVIDIA has received new research related to the industry-wide DRAM issue known as Rowhammer . The research demonstrates a potential Rowhammer attack against an NVIDIA A6000 GPU with GDDR6 Memory. The purpose of this notice is to reinforce already known mitigations to Rowhammer attacks. https://nvidia.custhelp.com/app/answers/detail/a_id/5671/~/security-notice%3A-rowhammer---july-2025

Transcribed - Published: 14 July 2025

SSH Tunneling in Action: direct-tcp requests Attackers are compromising ssh servers to abuse them as relays. The attacker will configure port forwarding direct-tcp connections to forward traffic to a victim. In this particular case, the Yandex mail server was the primary victim of these attacks. https://isc.sans.edu/diary/SSH%20Tunneling%20in%20Action%3A%20direct-tcp%20requests%20%5BGuest%20Diary%5D/32094 Fortiguard FortiWeb Unauthenticated SQL injection in GUI (CVE-2025-25257) An improper neutralization of special elements used in an SQL command ('SQL Injection') vulnerability [CWE-89] in FortiWeb may allow an unauthenticated attacker to execute unauthorized SQL code or commands via crafted HTTP or HTTPs requests. https://www.fortiguard.com/psirt/FG-IR-25-151 Ruckus Virtual SmartZone (vSZ) and Ruckus Network Director (RND) contain multiple vulnerabilities Ruckus products suffer from a number of critical vulnerabilities. There is no patch available, and users are advised to restrict access to the vulnerable admin interface. https://kb.cert.org/vuls/id/613753

Transcribed - Published: 11 July 2025

Setting up Your Own Certificate Authority for Development: Why and How. Some tips on setting up your own internal certificate authority using the smallstep CA. https://isc.sans.edu/diary/Setting%20up%20Your%20Own%20Certificate%20Authority%20for%20Development%3A%20Why%20and%20How./32092 Animation-Driven Tapjacking on Android Attackers can use a click-jacking like trick to trick victims into clicking on animated transparent dialogs opened from other applications. https://taptrap.click/usenix25_taptrap_paper.pdf Adobe Patches Adobe patched 13 different products yesterday. Most concerning are vulnerabilities in Coldfusion that include code execution and arbitrary file disclosure vulnerabilities. https://helpx.adobe.com/security/security-bulletin.html

Transcribed - Published: 10 July 2025

Microsoft Patch Tuesday, July 2025 Today, Microsoft released patches for 130 Microsoft vulnerabilities and 9 additional vulnerabilities not part of Microsoft's portfolio but distributed by Microsoft. 14 of these are rated critical. Only one of the vulnerabilities was disclosed before being patched, and none of the vulnerabilities have so far been exploited. https://isc.sans.edu/diary/Microsoft%20Patch%20Tuesday%2C%20July%202025/32088 Opposum Attack If a TLS server is configured to allow switching from HTTP to HTTPS on a specific port, an attacker may be able to inject a request into the data stream. https://opossum-attack.com/ Ivanti Security Updates Ivanty fixed vulnerabilities in Ivanty Connect Secure, EPMM, and EPM. In particular the password decryption vulnerabliity may be interesting. https://www.ivanti.com/blog/july-security-update-2025

Transcribed - Published: 9 July 2025

What s My File Name Malware may use the GetModuleFileName API to detect if it was renamed to a name typical for analysis, like sample.exe or malware.exe https://isc.sans.edu/diary/What%27s%20My%20%28File%29Name%3F/32084 Atomic macOS infostealer adds backdoor for persistent attacks Malware analyst discovered a new version of the Atomic macOS info-stealer (also known as 'AMOS') that comes with a backdoor, to attackers persistent access to compromised systems. https://moonlock.com/amos-backdoor-persistent-access HOUKEN SEEKING A PATH BY LIVING ON THE EDGE WITH ZERO-DAYS At the beginning of September 2024, an attacker repeatedly exploited vulnerabilities CVE-2024- 8190, CVE-2024-8963, and CVE-2024-9380 vulnerabilities to remotely execute arbitrary code on vulnerable Ivanti Cloud Service Appliance devices. https://www.cert.ssi.gouv.fr/uploads/CERTFR-2025-CTI-009.pdf SEO Scams Targeting Putty, WinSCP, and AI Tools Paid Google ads are advertising trojaned versions of popuplar tools like ssh and winscp https://arcticwolf.com/resources/blog-uk/malvertising-campaign-delivers-oyster-broomstick-backdoor-via-seo-poisoning-and-trojanized-tools/

Transcribed - Published: 8 July 2025

Interesting ssh/telnet usernames Some interesting usernames observed in our honeypots https://isc.sans.edu/diary/A%20few%20interesting%20and%20notable%20ssh%20telnet%20usernames/32080 More sudo trouble The host option in Sudo can be exploited to execute commands on unauthorized hosts. https://www.stratascale.com/vulnerability-alert-CVE-2025-32462-sudo-host CitrixBleed2 PoC Posted (CVE-2025-5777) WatchTwer published additional details about the recently patched CitrixBleed vulnerability, including a PoC exploit. https://labs.watchtowr.com/how-much-more-must-we-bleed-citrix-netscaler-memory-disclosure-citrixbleed-2-cve-2025-5777/ Instagram Using Six Day Certificates Instagram changes their TLS certificates daily and they use certificates that are just about to expire in a week. https://hereket.com/posts/instagram-single-day-certificates/

Transcribed - Published: 7 July 2025

Sudo chroot Elevation of Privilege The sudo chroot option can be leveraged by any local user to elevate privileges to root, even if no sudo rules are defined for that user. https://www.stratascale.com/vulnerability-alert-CVE-2025-32463-sudo-chroot Polymorphic ZIP Files A zip file with a corrupt End of Central Directory Record may extract different data depending on the tool used to extract the files. https://hackarcana.com/article/yet-another-zip-trick Cisco Unified Communications Manager Static SSH Credentials Vulnerability A vulnerability in Cisco Unified Communications Manager (Unified CM) and Cisco Unified Communications Manager Session Management Edition (Unified CM SME) could allow an unauthenticated, remote attacker to log in to an affected device using the root account, which has default, static credentials that cannot be changed or deleted. https://sec.cloudapps.cisco.com/security/center/content/CiscoSecurityAdvisory/cisco-sa-cucm-ssh-m4UBdpE7

Transcribed - Published: 3 July 2025

Scattered Spider Update The threat actor known as Scattered Spider is in the news again, this time focusing on airlines. But the techniques used by Scattered Spider, social engineering, are still some of the most dangerous techniques used by various threat actors. https://cloud.google.com/blog/topics/threat-intelligence/unc3944-proactive-hardening-recommendations?e=48754805 AMI BIOS Vulnerability Exploited CVE-2024-54085 A vulnerability in the Redfish remote access software, including AMI s BIOS, is now being exploited. https://go.ami.com/hubfs/Security%20Advisories/2025/AMI-SA-2025003.pdf https://eclypsium.com/blog/ami-megarac-vulnerabilities-bmc-part-3/ Act now: Secure Boot certificates expire in June 2026 The Microsoft certificates used in Secure Boot are the basis of trust for operating system security, and all will be expiring beginning June 2026. https://techcommunity.microsoft.com/blog/windows-itpro-blog/act-now-secure-boot-certificates-expire-in-june-2026/4426856 The Windows Resiliency Initiative: Building resilience for a future-ready enterprise Microsoft announced more details about its future security and resilience strategy for Windows. In particular, security tools will no longer have kernel access, which is supposed to prevent a repeat of the Cloudflare issue, but may also restrict security tools functionality. https://blogs.windows.com/windowsexperience/2025/06/26/the-windows-resiliency-initiative-building-resilience-for-a-future-ready-enterprise/

Transcribed - Published: 30 June 2025

Open-VSX Flaw Puts Developers at Risk A flaw in the open-vsx extension marketplace could have let to the compromise of any extension offered by the marketplace. https://blog.koi.security/marketplace-takeover-how-we-couldve-taken-over-every-developer-using-a-vscode-fork-f0f8cf104d44 Bluetooth Vulnerability Could Allow Eavesdropping A vulnerability in the widely used Airoha Bluetooth chipset can be used to compromise devices and use them for eavesdropping. https://insinuator.net/2025/06/airoha-bluetooth-security-vulnerabilities/ Critical Cisco Identity Services Engine Vulnerability Multiple vulnerabilities in Cisco Identity Services Engine (ISE) and Cisco ISE Passive Identity Connector (ISE-PIC) could allow an unauthenticated, remote attacker to issue commands on the underlying operating system as the root user. https://sec.cloudapps.cisco.com/security/center/content/CiscoSecurityAdvisory/cisco-sa-ise-unauth-rce-ZAd2GnJ6

Transcribed - Published: 27 June 2025

NetScaler ADC and NetScaler Gateway Security Bulletin for CVE-2025-6543 Citrix patched a memory overflow vulnerability leading to unintended control flow and denial of service. https://support.citrix.com/support-home/kbsearch/article?articleNumber=CTX694788 Remote code execution in CentOS Web Panel - CVE-2025-48703 An arbitrary file upload vulnerability in the user (not admin) part of Web Panel can be used to execute arbitrary code https://fenrisk.com/rce-centos-webpanel Gogs Arbitrary File Deletion Vulnerability Due to the insufficient patch for the CVE-2024-39931, it's still possible to delete files under the .git directory and achieve remote command execution. https://github.com/gogs/gogs/security/advisories/GHSA-wj44-9vcg-wjq7 Let s Encrypt Will Soon Issue IP Address-Based Certs Let s Encrypt is almost ready to issue certificates for IP address SANs from Let's Encrypt's production environment. They'll only be available under the short-lived profile (which has a 6-day validity period), and that profile will remain allowlist-only for a while. https://community.letsencrypt.org/t/getting-ready-to-issue-ip-address-certificates/238777

Transcribed - Published: 26 June 2025

Quick Password Brute Forcing Evolution Statistics After collecting usernames and passwords from our ssh and telnet honeypots for about a decade, I took a look back at how scans changed. Attackers are attempting more passwords in each scans than they used to, but the average length of passwords did not change. https://isc.sans.edu/diary/Quick%20Password%20Brute%20Forcing%20Evolution%20Statistics/32068 Introducing FileFix A New Alternative to ClickFix Attacks Attackers may trick the user into copy/pasting strings into file explorer, which will execute commands similar to the ClickFix attack that tricks users into copy pasting the command into the start menu s cmd feature. https://www.mobile-hacker.com/2025/06/24/introducing-filefix-a-new-alternative-to-clickfix-attacks/ Threat Actors Modify and Re-Create Commercial Software to Steal User s Information A fake Sonicwall Netextender clone will steal user s credentials https://www.sonicwall.com/blog/threat-actors-modify-and-re-create-commercial-software-to-steal-users-information

Transcribed - Published: 25 June 2025

Scans for Ichano AtHome IP Cameras A couple days ago, a few sources started scanning for the username super_yg and the password 123. This is associated with Ichano IP Camera software. https://isc.sans.edu/diary/Scans%20for%20Ichano%20AtHome%20IP%20Cameras/32062 Critical Netscaler Security Update CVE-2025-5777 CVE 2025-5777 is a critical severity vulnerability impacting NetScaler Gateway, i.e. if NetScaler has been configured as Gateway (VPN virtual server, ICA Proxy, CVPN, RDP Proxy) OR AAA virtual server. https://www.netscaler.com/blog/news/critical-security-updates-for-netscaler-netscaler-gateway-and-netscaler-console/ WinRar Vulnerability CVE-2025-6218 WinRar may be tricked into extracting files into attacker-determined locations, possibly leading to remote code execution https://www.win-rar.com/singlenewsview.html?&L=0&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=276&cHash=b5165454d983fc9717bc8748901a64f9

Transcribed - Published: 24 June 2025

ADS & Python Tools Didier explains how to use his tools cut-bytes.py and filescanner to extract information from alternate data streams. https://isc.sans.edu/diary/ADS%20%26%20Python%20Tools/32058 Enhanced security defaults for Windows 365 Cloud PCs Microsoft announced more secure default configurations for its Windows 365 Cloud PC offerings. https://techcommunity.microsoft.com/blog/windows-itpro-blog/enhanced-security-defaults-for-windows-365-cloud-pcs/4424914 CVE-2025-34508: Another File Sharing Application, Another Path Traversal Horizon3 reveals details of a recently patched directory traversal vulnerability in zend.to. https://horizon3.ai/attack-research/attack-blogs/cve-2025-34508-another-file-sharing-application-another-path-traversal/ Unexpected security footguns in Go's parsers Go parsers for JSON and XML are not always compatible and can parse data in unexpected ways. This blog by Trails of Bits goes over the various security implications of this behaviour. https://blog.trailofbits.com/2025/06/17/unexpected-security-footguns-in-gos-parsers/

Transcribed - Published: 23 June 2025

How Long Until the Phishing Starts? About Two Weeks After setting up a Google Workspace and adding a new user, it took only two weeks for the new employee to receive somewhat targeted phishing emails. https://isc.sans.edu/diary/How%20Long%20Until%20the%20Phishing%20Starts%3F%20About%20Two%20Weeks/32052 Scammers hijack websites of Bank of America, Netflix, Microsoft, and more to insert fake phone numbers Scammers are placing Google ads that point to legitimate companies sites, but are injecting malicious text into the page advertising fake tech support numbers https://www.malwarebytes.com/blog/news/2025/06/scammers-hijack-websites-of-bank-of-america-netflix-microsoft-and-more-to-insert-fake-phone-number What s in an ASP? Creative Phishing Attack on Prominent Academics and Critics of Russia Targeted attacks are tricking victims into creating app-specific passwords to Google resources. https://cloud.google.com/blog/topics/threat-intelligence/creative-phishing-academics-critics-of-russia

Transcribed - Published: 20 June 2025

Extracting Data From JPEGs Didier shows how to efficiently extract data from JPEGs using his tool jpegdump.py https://isc.sans.edu/diary/A%20JPEG%20With%20A%20Payload/32048 Windows Recall Export in Europe In its latest insider build for Windows 11, Microsoft is testing an export feature for data stored by Recall. The feature is limited to European users and requires that you note an encryption key that will be displayed only once as Recall is enabled. https://blogs.windows.com/windows-insider/2025/06/13/announcing-windows-11-insider-preview-build-26120-4441-beta-channel/ Anubis Ransomware Now Wipes Data The Anubis ransomware, usually known for standard double extortion, is now also wiping data preventing any recovery even if you pay the ransom. https://www.trendmicro.com/en_us/research/25/f/anubis-a-closer-look-at-an-emerging-ransomware.html Mitel Vulnerabilities CVE-2025-47188 Mitel this week patched a critical path traversal vulnerability (sadly, no CVE), and Infoguard Labs published a PoC exploit for an older file upload vulnerability. https://labs.infoguard.ch/posts/cve-2025-47188_mitel_phone_unauthenticated_rce/ https://www.mitel.com/support/mitel-product-security-advisory-misa-2025-0007

Transcribed - Published: 17 June 2025

Daily 5 min cyber security news summary. News, patches, vulnerabilities and trends in information and network security. SANS Stormcast Monday, June 16th, 2025: Extracting Data from JPEG; Windows Recall Export; Anubis Wiper; Mitel Vuln and PoC

Transcribed - Published: 17 June 2025

Katz Stealer in JPG Xavier found some multistage malware that uses an Excel Spreadsheet and an HTA file to load an image that includes embeded a copy of Katz stealer. https://isc.sans.edu/diary/More+Steganography/32044 https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/malicious-javascript-using-jsfiretruck-as-obfuscation/ JavaScript obfuscated with JSF*CK is being used on over 200,000 websites to direct victims to malware Expired Discord Invite Links Used for Malware Distribution Expired discord invite links are revived as vanity links to direct victims to malware sites https://research.checkpoint.com/2025/from-trust-to-threat-hijacked-discord-invites-used-for-multi-stage-malware-delivery/

Transcribed - Published: 16 June 2025

Automated Tools to Assist with DShield Honeypot Investigations https://isc.sans.edu/diary/Automated%20Tools%20to%20Assist%20with%20DShield%20Honeypot%20Investigations%20%5BGuest%20Diary%5D/32038 EchoLeak: Zero-Click Microsoft 365 Copilot Data Leak Microsoft fixed a vulnerability in Copilot that could have been abused to exfiltrate data from Copilot users. Copilot mishandled instructions an attacker included in documents inspected by Copilot and executed them. https://www.aim.security/lp/aim-labs-echoleak-blogpost Thunderbolt Vulnerability Thunderbolt users may be tricked into downloading arbitrary files if an email includes a mailbox:/// URL. https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/security/advisories/mfsa2025-49/

Transcribed - Published: 13 June 2025

Quasar RAT Delivered Through Bat Files Xavier is walking you through a quick reverse analysis of a script that will injection code extracted from a PNG image to implement a Quasar RAT. https://isc.sans.edu/diary/Quasar%20RAT%20Delivered%20Through%20Bat%20Files/32036 Delayed Windows 11 24H2 Rollout Microsoft slightly throttled the rollout of windows 11 24H2 due to issues stemming from the patch Tuesday fixes. https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/release-health/windows-message-center#3570 An In-Depth Analysis of CVE-2025-33073 Patch Tuesday fixed an already exploited SMB client vulnerability. A blog by Synacktiv explains the nature of the issue and how to exploit it. https://www.synacktiv.com/en/publications/ntlm-reflection-is-dead-long-live-ntlm-reflection-an-in-depth-analysis-of-cve-2025 Connectwise Rotating Signing Certificates Connectwise is rotating signing certificates after a recent compromise, and will release a new version of its Screen share software soon to harden its configuration. https://www.connectwise.com/company/trust/advisories KDE Telnet URL Vulnerablity The Konsole delivered as part of KDE may be abused to execute arbitrary code via telnet URLs. https://kde.org/info/security/advisory-20250609-1.txt

Transcribed - Published: 12 June 2025

Microsoft Patch Tuesday Microsoft today released patches for 67 vulnerabilities. 10 of these vulnerabilities are rated critical. One vulnerability has already been exploited and another vulnerability has been publicly disclosed before today. https://isc.sans.edu/diary/Microsoft%20Patch%20Tuesday%20June%202025/32032 Adobe Vulnerabilities Adobe released patches for 7 different applications. Two significant ones are Adobe Commerce and Adobe Acrobat Reader. All vulnerabilities patched for Adobe Commerce can only be exploited by an authenticated user. The Adobe Acrobat Reader vulnerabilities are exploited by a user opening a crafted PDF, and the exploit may execute arbitrary code. https://helpx.adobe.com/security/Home.html

Transcribed - Published: 11 June 2025

OctoSQL & Vulnerability Data OctoSQL is a neat tool to query files in different formats using SQL. This can, for example, be used to query the JSON vulnerability files from CISA or NVD and create interesting joins between different files. https://isc.sans.edu/diary/OctoSQL+Vulnerability+Data/32026 Mirai vs. Wazuh The Mirai botnet has now been observed exploiting a vulnerability in the open-source EDR tool Wazuh. https://www.akamai.com/blog/security-research/botnets-flaw-mirai-spreads-through-wazuh-vulnerability DNS4EU The European Union created its own public recursive resolver to offer a public resolver compliant with European privacy laws. This resolver is currently operated by ENISA, but the intent is to have a commercial entity operate and support it by a commercial entity. https://www.joindns4.eu/ WordPress FAIR Package Manager Recent legal issues around different WordPress-related entities have made it more difficult to maintain diverse sources of WordPress plugins. With WordPress plugins usually being responsible for many of the security issues, the Linux Foundation has come forward to support the FAIR Package Manager, a tool intended to simplify the management of WordPress packages. https://github.com/fairpm

Transcribed - Published: 10 June 2025

Extracting With pngdump.py Didier extended his pngdump.py script to make it easier to extract additional data appended to the end of the image file. https://isc.sans.edu/diary/Extracting%20With%20pngdump.py/32022 16 React Native Packages for GlueStack Backdoored Overnight 16 npm packages with over a million weekly downloads between them were compromised. The compromised packages include a remote admin tool that was seen before in similar attacks. https://www.aikido.dev/blog/supply-chain-attack-on-react-native-aria-ecosystem Atomic MacOS Stealer Exploits Clickfix MacOS users are now also targeted by fake captchas, tricking users into running exploit code. https://www.cloudsek.com/blog/amos-variant-distributed-via-clickfix-in-spectrum-themed-dynamic-delivery-campaign-by-russian-speaking-hackers Microsoft INETPUB Script Microsoft published a simple PowerShell script to restore the inetpub folder in case you removed it by mistake. https://www.powershellgallery.com/packages/Set-InetpubFolderAcl/1.0

Transcribed - Published: 9 June 2025

Be Careful With Fake Zoom Client Downloads Miscreants are tricking victims into downloading fake Zoom clients (and likely other meeting software) by first sending them fake meeting invites that direct victims to a page that offers malware for download as an update to the Zoom client. https://isc.sans.edu/diary/Be%20Careful%20With%20Fake%20Zoom%20Client%20Downloads/32014 Python tarfile Vulnerability Recently, the Python tarfile module introduced a filter option to help mitigate some of the insecure behavior common to software unpacking archives. This filter is, however, not working quite as well as it should. https://mail.python.org/archives/list/[email protected]/thread/MAXIJJCUUMCL7ATZNDVEGGHUMQMUUKLG/ Hewlett Packard Enterprise Insight Remote Support processAttachmentDataStream Directory Traversal Remote Code Execution Vulnerability HP fixed, among other vulnerabilities, a critical remote code execution vulnerability in Insight Remote Support (IRS) https://www.zerodayinitiative.com/advisories/ZDI-25-325/

Transcribed - Published: 6 June 2025

Phishing e-mail that hides malicious links from Outlook users Jan found a phishing email that hides the malicious link from Outlook users. The email uses specific HTML comment clauses Outlook interprets to render or not render specific parts of the email s HTML code. Jan suggests that the phishing email is intented to not expose users of https://isc.sans.edu/diary/Phishing%20e-mail%20that%20hides%20malicious%20link%20from%20Outlook%20users/32010 Amazon changing default logging from blocking to non-blocking Amazon will change the default logging mode from blocking to non-blocking. Non-blocking logging will not stop the application if logging fails, but may result in a loss of logs. https://aws.amazon.com/blogs/containers/preventing-log-loss-with-non-blocking-mode-in-the-awslogs-container-log-driver/ Cisco Removes Backdoor Cisco fixed a Cisco Identity Services Engine on Cloud Platforms Static Credential Vulnerability. https://sec.cloudapps.cisco.com/security/center/content/CiscoSecurityAdvisory/cisco-sa-ise-aws-static-cred-FPMjUcm7 Infoblox Vulnerability Details disclosed Details regarding several vulnerabilities recently patched in Infoblox s NetMRI have been made public. In particular an unauthenticated remote code execution issue should be considered critical. https://rhinosecuritylabs.com/research/infoblox-multiple-cves/

Transcribed - Published: 5 June 2025

vBulletin Exploits CVE-2025-48827, CVE-2025-48828 We do see exploit attempts for the vBulletin flaw disclosed about a week ago. The flaw is only exploitable if vBulltin is run on PHP 8.1, and was patched over a year ago. However, vBulltin never disclosed the type of vulnerability that was patched. https://isc.sans.edu/diary/vBulletin%20Exploits%20%28CVE-2025-48827%2C%20CVE-2025-48828%29/32006 Google Chrome 0-Day Patched Google released a security update for Google Chrome patching three flaws. One of these is already being exploited. https://chromereleases.googleblog.com/ Roundcube Update Roundcube patched a vulnerability that allows any authenticated user to execute arbitrary code. https://roundcube.net/news/2025/06/01/security-updates-1.6.11-and-1.5.10 HP Vulnerabilities in StoreOnce HP patched multiple vulnerabilities in StoreOnce. These issues could lead to remote code execution https://support.hpe.com/hpesc/public/docDisplay?docId=hpesbst04847en_us&docLocale=en_US

Transcribed - Published: 4 June 2025

Simple SSH Backdoor Xavier came across a simple SSH backdoor taking advantage of the ssh client preinstalled on recent Windows systems. The backdoor is implemented via an SSH configuration file that instructs the SSH client to connect to a remote system and forward a shell on a random port. This will make the shell accessible to anybody able to connect to the C2 host. https://isc.sans.edu/diary/Simple%20SSH%20Backdoor/32000 Google Chrome to Distrust CAs Google Chrome will remove the Chunghwa Telecom and Netlock certificate authorities from its list of trusted CAs. Any certificates issued after July 31st will not be trusted. Certificates issued before the deadline will be trusted until they expire. https://security.googleblog.com/2025/05/sustaining-digital-certificate-security-chrome-root-store-changes.html Microsoft Emergency Update to Fix Crashes Caused by May Patch Microsoft released an emergency update for a bug caused by one of the patches released in May. Due to the bug, systems may not restart after the patch is applied. This affects, first of all, virtual systems running in Azure and HyperV but apparently has also affected some physical systems. https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/release-health/status-windows-11-23h2#kb5058405-might-fail-to-install-with-recovery-error-0xc0000098-in-acpi-sys Qualcomm Adreno Graphics Processing Unit Patch (Exploited!) Qualcomm released an update for the driver for its Adreno GPU. The patched vulnerability is already being exploited against Android devices. https://docs.qualcomm.com/product/publicresources/securitybulletin/june-2025-bulletin.html

Transcribed - Published: 3 June 2025