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History Unplugged Podcast

Why Did Rome Fall? Wrong Question. How Did it Last 2,000 Years Despite Changing its Religion, Language, and Government?

History Unplugged Podcast

History Unplugged

Society & Culture, History

4.23.7K Ratings

🗓️ 18 November 2025

⏱️ 58 minutes

🧾️ Download transcript

Summary

Rome began as a pagan, Latin-speaking city state in central Italy during the early Iron Age and ended as a Christian, Greek-speaking empire as the age of gunpowder dawned. Everything about it changed, except its Roman identity. This was due to a unique willingness among Romans to include new people as citizens, an openness to new ideas, and an unparalleled adaptability that enabled Romans to remake every aspect of their society in ways that made it stronger and more resilient. Romans, who believed that their city was originally settled by exiles and captives, found a balance between the embrace of new people and ideas and a conservative attachment to the core features that had traditionally defined Roman society.

Roman history is a story of 80 generations of Romans who deftly challenged the rules governing their lives—and usually did so without overturning the institutions that made them safe and prosperous. In an age when people around the world are increasingly looking to charismatic leaders promising to scrap the rules governing modern states, Rome shows why states that want to endure should be repelled by the sudden, unpredictable jolts such characters provide.

To explore this topic with us is today’s guest, Edward J. Watts, author of “The Romans: A 2000-Year History.” Rather than collapse, Watts shows how Rome endured, evolved, and redefined itself for two thousand years—from the Punic Wars to the Crusades, and from Augustus to Constantine to Charlemagne.

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Transcript

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0:00.0

Scott here with another episode of the History and Plug podcast.

0:08.1

Rome lasted somewhere between 500,000, 1,000 or 2,000 years, depending on your definition of when it

0:13.9

began and ended. But you can make a good argument that it lasted at least 2,000 years, because

0:18.7

whether it's 800 BC or 1,200 AD, there was a state that

0:22.4

called itself the Roman government and a people who called themselves Romans. Now, what's

0:26.4

interesting is that if two people from each of these time periods met, they would have almost

0:30.9

nothing in common, and they actually wouldn't be able to speak to each other. The Roman from 800 BC

0:35.9

from the Italian Peninsula would speak archaic Latin,

0:38.3

while the Roman from Constantinople and 1200 would speak medieval Greek. The old Roman

0:43.1

wear a wool and toga, worship pagan gods, and barely have more than a few iron tools. The Roman

0:47.8

from the 1200s would be an Orthodox Christian, live under an emperor and patriarch, wear silk

0:52.6

robes decorated with an eastern influence design, live under an incredibly complicated system, wear silk robes decorated with an eastern

0:54.1

influence design, live under an incredibly complicated system of law and bureaucracy.

0:58.8

There have been many books and a lot of analysis on why Rome fell.

1:02.1

But what many people don't look at is, how did it last as long as it did?

1:05.6

When, as we can see, it was almost a completely different state from the beginning and end.

1:09.5

How did it manage the transition

1:10.8

from paganism to Christianity when a change in religion is almost guaranteed to destroy an empire in the

1:15.9

ancient world? Like it did the assassinated empire in Persia when the Zoroastrian state was conquered

1:21.4

by the Rashi Dune Caliphate or when medieval Tibet became Buddhist. Well, today's episode

1:26.6

we're going to be looking at the incredible continuity of Roman history

1:29.5

over its 80 generations and why Rome was so incredibly resilient.

...

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