History often seems inevitable. When we look back at historical event, we usually look at it with the outcomes or the results in mind. For example, when we think of World War II, we know that it ended in 1945. We know that the Allies won. Our entire view of that war is framed by those two facts. So when we study the year 1944, we know that the end is near, that within a year the war would be over.

But that's not how the people who lived at the time experienced it.

They didn't know that things would turn out the way they did.

They felt about as sure of the future as we feel about our own future.

Think about it.

How sure are you about how things are going to turn out?

How sure are you about who will win the next World Cup or next year's Academy Awards?

How sure are you about who will win the next presidential election or how the crisis in North Korea will turn out.

Unless you've been given some sort of supernatural insight, you're probably like me and have no

clue about how things will turn out. You feel a sense of uncertainty about these things.

That sense of uncertainty, that's the same feeling every generation had about the times in which they lived. Rarely did

anything seem inevitable. And someday, decades or centuries from now, people will probably look

back at our time in the same way. They'll view our time period with a sense of inevitability,

with 2020 hindsight. But when you view history that way, where you know the outcome

of an event and you view it with that kind of lens, you lose something. You lose the uncertainty,

the contingency of the moment. You lose the perspective of the people alive at the time. You lose

the element of risk, the stakes that underpinned every event and every decision.

I've always felt that American history is especially susceptible to this.

In some ways, our country's history seems inevitable.

It's like there's a neat, linear progression to how our country came to be.

America declared independence, fought a war, defeated the British, and created a

government, and elected a president. Then it rose to become a world power. Now that America is a

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