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How does the stomach tell the brain it's full? How do cells in our body grow and divide? James Rothman realized that the

fundamental biology behind these processes are basically the same. In 2010, he shared the Cavley Prize

in neuroscience with Richard Scheller and Thomas Sudehoff for their work detailing how nerve cells

communicate with each other on a microscopic level.

Three years later, he received the Nobel Prize.

Scientific American Custom Media, in partnership with the Cavley Prize, spoke with James to learn about his discoveries and the future of this work.

James Rothman was pleasantly surprised when you received

the Cavley Prize in neuroscience. I'd always thought of myself as a biochemist first and his cell

biologist second, and I never really thought of myself as a neuroscientist. He did apply to a

neuroscience program in grad school. It all just made a whole lot of sense,

except for the fact that I wasn't admitted. But James is not the kind of person to worry about

labels. In fact, he's explored a range of scientific disciplines. As an undergrad at Yale,

he studied physics, maybe in part because he grew up in the 50s. Scientists and doctors were really the most admired in the 1950s, and it was the physicists

in particular. Einstein, Oppenheimer, people like that.

But his father worried about his career options, so he convinced James to try a biology course.

So I just fell in love.

So he ditched physics and decided to go to Harvard Medical School

...