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Welcome to the History Extra podcast, fascinating historical conversations from the makers of BBC History Magazine.

What was it like to undergo an operation in a world with no anaesthetic?

How was the stethoscope invented? And when did we first operate on a human heart?

In her new book, Dr. Carol Cooper condenses the history of medicine down to the stories of 12 pivotal objects,

from the bone sore to the heart lung machine. Lauren Good spoke to Carol to find out more.

And please be aware, the following podcast does contain descriptions of medical and mental health issues.

Carol, thank you for joining me to explore your new book, The History of Medicine in 12 Objects.

Let's start with a question I know I was asking

when I started reading this book. How on earth did you begin narrowing down this expansive

history to the 12 objects we'll be talking about today? Hi, Lauren. Well, it was not an easy task,

and I really wanted to make it about 20 objects but then I realized I wouldn't

be able to devote as many words, as much space if I did that. So I really had to narrow it down to

12 but I think each of the objects I go through the antecedents to that object on what came before

and also how the object was used,

...