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Dr. Lisa M. Hooper and her team at the University of Iowa Research Lab

define parenthification as a type of role reversal and boundary distortion

in which children or adolescents assume developmentally inappropriate levels of responsibility in their family.

In the parenthification phenomenon, the overarching role of the

parenthified youth can be described as that of caregiver,

caring for others at the expense of caring for self.

It is often clinically observed and empirically examined along two dimensions,

instrumental and emotional parenthification.

Instrumental parenthification primarily involves completing physical tasks for the family,

such as taking care of relatives with serious medical conditions,

grocery shopping, paying bills, or ensuring that a younger sibling attends and does well in school.

Emotional parenthification often involves a child or adolescent

taking on the role and responsibilities of confidant, secret keeper, or emotional healer for family members.

Parentification is often observed in families where the parent or caregiver has experienced a serious medical condition

...