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This is Scientific Americans' 60-second science. I'm Karen Hopkins. Got a minute? The redder,

the better. And I'm not talking about beets, roses, or presidential candidates. I'm talking

birds. Well, some birds. In various species, red coloration in a male's feathers or beaks is an indication of

fitness. A splash of red can attract a mate or worn off a rival. Now two teams of researchers

have determined the chemistry that allows our flamboyantly feathered friends to cloak themselves

in crimson. Bottom line, many birds eat plants that are rich in compounds with a distinctive yellow

pigmentation, which some birds can modify chemically to form the red pigment that becomes their

calling card. To tease out the details, the scientists compared birds that can make the red compounds

with those that can't. The first team studied the red canary, which was created about a century ago

by breeders who crossed the more familiar yellow canary with a bird called a red siskin.

The researchers combed through the genomes of all three kinds of birds to see whether red canaries

got any reddening genes from the siskins side, genes that their yellow brethren lack.

Their search pointed them to a member of the Cytochrome P-450 family. These are enzymes that are

often involved in breaking down toxins. The particular enzyme for turning yellow to red was

at levels a thousand times higher in the skin of red canaries compared to their yellow fellows.

The second research team arrived at a similar conclusion based on studies of zebrafinches.

Most zebra finches have a bright orange to red beak, but one kind of mutant zebra finch has a yellow beak.

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