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This is Scientific American's 60-second science. I'm Christopher in Taliatta.

In their heyday, woolly mammoths blanketed the Siberian steppe, Alaska, and large parts of North America.

But by 10,000 years ago, warming climates had turned many of the grasslands they grazed into forest.

And humans, well, they weren't so friendly either.

One mammoth provides quite a feast.

So the mammoths largely disappeared, except there's this one holdout population on an island

in the Arctic Ocean called Wrangel Island, where the last mammoths hid out for more than 6,000

years. So the pyramids have been built and they had started to grow tea in China and civilization

had formed.

And then here are these mammoths that no one knew were there for such a long period

of time.

Rebecca Rogers, an evolutionary geneticist at the University of North Carolina.

And then people finally found this island around 3,700 years ago, around the time that

they went extinct. Rogers and her colleague, Montgomery years ago, around the time that they went extinct.

Rogers and her colleague Montgomery Slacken analyzed the genome from the tooth of one of those

island mammoths, which lived 4,300 years ago. They compared it to the genome of a mainland

mammoth from much farther back 45,000 years. And they found that harmful mutations had

...