Hello and welcome to the zero to finals podcast.

My name is Tom and this is part two of the hematology short answer questions.

You can find a written version of these questions at members.0.0.com

where you can view them either as short answer questions that you can record your

scores on, or as an anki-like feature where you can rate the questions and do spaced repetition

based on how difficult the questions are. That's in the zero to finals members site at

members.0 tofinals.com. So let's get members site at members.0.0.5.com.

So let's get straight into these questions.

Question 42.

What are the key causes of vitamin B12 deficiency?

Dietary insufficiency,

medications that reduce B12 absorption,

for example proton pump inhibitors and metformin,

and pernicious anemia.

Question 43.

What happens to the size of the red blood cells in vitamin B12 deficiency?

There are large red blood cells, or macrosytosis.

Question 44, what steps are involved in the absorption of vitamin B12?

The parietal cells of the stomach produce a protein called intrinsic factor, which is essential for the absorption of B12 in the distal ileum.

Question 45. What auto-antibodies are relevant to pernicious anemia? Anitius Anemia Intrinsic factor antibodies, which are first line, and gastric parietal cell antibodies.

Question 46.

What treatment and administration regime is indicated for B-12 deficiency anemia in patients

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